scholarly journals Groundwater arsenic in Chimaltenango, Guatemala

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason T. Lotter ◽  
Steven E. Lacey ◽  
Ramon Lopez ◽  
Genaro Socoy Set ◽  
Amid P. Khodadoust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
The Usa ◽  
System Data ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

In the Municipality of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, we sampled groundwater for total inorganic arsenic. In total, 42 samples were collected from 27 (43.5%) of the 62 wells in the municipality, with sites chosen to achieve spatial representation throughout the municipality. Samples were collected from household faucets used for drinking water, and sent to the USA for analysis. The only site found to have a concentration above the 10 μg/L World Health Organization provisional guideline for arsenic in drinking water was Cerro Alto, where the average concentration was 47.5 μg/L. A health risk assessment based on the arsenic levels found in Cerro Alto showed an increase in noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for residents as a result of consuming groundwater as their primary drinking water source. Using data from the US Geological Survey and our global positioning system data of the sample locations, we found Cerro Alto to be the only site sampled within the tertiary volcanic rock layer, a known source of naturally occurring arsenic. Recommendations were made to reduce the levels of arsenic found in the community's drinking water so that the health risks can be managed.

scholarly journals Drinking water quality and human dimensions of cholera patients to inform evidence-based prevention investment in Karonga District, Malawi

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2079-2087
Author(s):  
Prince Kaponda ◽  
Suresh Muthukrishnan ◽  
Rory Barber ◽  
Rochelle H. Holm
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Cholera remains a problem in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Malawi. Our aim was to investigate drinking water source quality compared with water treatment, risk perception and cholera knowledge for patients who had reported to a health center for treatment in the 2017–2018 outbreak in Karonga District, Malawi. The study analyzed 120 drinking water samples linked to 236 cholera patients. Nearly 82% of the samples met the national criteria for thermotolerant coliforms of 50 cfu/100 ml, while 50% met the more stringent World Health Organization criteria of 0 cfu/100 ml. In terms of the human dimensions, 68% of survey respondents reported that they treated their water, while knowledge of prevention, transmission and treatment of cholera was also generally high. However, of the 32 patients whose drinking water sources had thermotolerant coliforms of 200+ cfu/100 ml, seven reported they felt a low or no personal risk for contracting cholera in the future and their community was extremely well prepared for another outbreak. The cost of a reactive response to cholera outbreaks puts a burden on Malawi, providing an opportunity for investment in innovative and localized preventive strategies to control and eliminate the risk of cholera while acknowledging social and cultural norms.

scholarly journals A Partial Environmental Engineering Management Study of Open Dump Site and Its Impact on Land and Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1247-1234
Author(s):  
Kelechi Uchenna Ugoji ◽  
Abba Ibim Green ◽  
Ruth Ngozi Nmoye ◽  
Ndukam Billy Igbere
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Environmental Engineering ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Health Organization

This research appraises in partial the environmental engineering effects of open dumpsite with peripheral study of the dumpsite at km 3 Aba-Enugu Expressway in Abia State southeast of Nigeria. The investigation includes visual assessment, interviews / questionnaires results, and analysis. The study reveals that the waste dump serves as a sink to many parts of Aba metropolis being one of the biggest dumpsites in Abia state. The sand value of 47.7% obtained from the study agrees with existing literature/hydrogeology of the area. Results proved that the ground water is safe as samples display quality, which are below the Nigerian standards for drinking water quality limit. These values also fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality limit so the residents around do not stand any health risk at the moment. However, increasing concentration of pollutants indicates that the Soil and probably the potential drinking water source may be contaminated with time, supporting existing study. Therefore, this research recommends a well-engineered waste management plan alongside Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) cradle-to-grave approach to management of open dumpsite.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Hand-dug Wells in Rural Haiti

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley E. Schram ◽  
Peter J. Wampler
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Filter Pack ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Health Organization

Water resources, especially safe, potable water, are limited for many Haitians.  In areas where shallow groundwater is available, many household water needs such as laundry, bathing, and cooking are supplied by hand-dug wells. In order to better understand the water quality and prevalence of these household wells, 35 hand-dug wells were surveyed and sampled near the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer (HAS) in Deschapelles, Haiti. Water samples were collected and tested for fecal coliform and E. coli using the IDEXX Colilert-18 method. Of the samples collected, 89 percent were determined unsafe to use as a drinking water source based on the World Health Organization standard of 1.0 colony-forming unit (cfu) Escherichia Coli (E. coli) per 100 mL. 66 percent of the wells exceeded recreational/body contact standards for the state of Michigan (130 cfu/100 mL). Some of these wells were deemed suitable for conversion to a new well type called In-Situ Filtration (ISF) wells. ISF wells are installed with an internal sand filter pack, PVC casing, pump, and cap which seals the well from surface contamination and provides additional water treatment as water is pumped. Previous ISF installations have reduced E. coli to safe drinking water levels within 90 days.

scholarly journals Assessment of accessibility of safe drinking water: A case study of the Goreangab informal settlement, Windhoek, Namibia

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Wesley Lewis ◽  
Nguza Siyambango ◽  
Selma Lendelvo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water Accessibility ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Water accessibility in informal settlements remains a challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study water accessibility in the Goreangab informal settlement, Windhoek, Namibia was analyzed. Semi-structured (n – 105) and key informant interviews (n – 3) were conducted. Long distances and financial constraints are the main reasons for poor water accessibility. Only 11% of residents live within 1 km of a safe drinking water source, the recommended safe distance by the World Health Organization on minimum water access standards. Considering local factors, incorporating an integrated water resource management framework and a public–private partnership is suggested to improve the settlement's water supply management.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical quality of drinking water in the Njoro sub-county in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-507
Author(s):  
Philip Ruciaka Kirianki ◽  
Edward Muchiri ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Njoro sub-county in Kenya suffers from constant water shortages causing the residents to rely on both improved and unimproved water sources in the area. The households in the sub-county also use different household storage containers to store drinking water in times when water is not readily available. This study was therefore undertaken to assess selective physico-chemical parameters of water used by the population for drinking purposes using standard assessment methods. A total of 372 water source samples and 162 storage container water samples were tested over a period of three months. Turbidity (0.70–273.85 NTU), iron (0.7–2.10 mg/L), fluoride (0.15–4.01 mg/L), manganese (0.01–0.37 mg/L), and nitrate (0.09–27.90 mg/L) levels in water samples were generally higher than the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) and/or the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality recommendations for safe drinkable water. The results from this study support the need for continuous monitoring and treating drinking water at the points of collection and of consumption to minimize the long-term health effects on communities consuming this water.

scholarly journals COMPLIANCE OF COMMERCIAL BLEACHES AND STABILITY OF 1 G/L-DILUTIONS USING DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
María Emilia Gavelli ◽  
Laura Carolina Luciani Giacobbe ◽  
Carolina Bustos Fierro ◽  
María Eugenia Olivera
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Chlorine Concentration ◽  
Active Chlorine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Different Sources

Introduction and objectives: In the context of COVID-19, the World Health Organization has recommended the use of extemporaneously prepared bleach solutions of 1 g/L, as a conservative concentration able to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and the vast majority of other pathogens that may be present in the healthcare setting. Consequently, there is a renewed interest in conducting stability studies of these solutions. The goal of this work was to verify the available chlorine concentration in several bleach solutions trademarks and to propose a beyond use date for 1 g/L bleach solutions, obtained after dilution with drinking water from different sources. Methods: Bleach trademarks, with nominal concentrations between 25-60 g/L, were subjected to iodometric titration to determine the available chlorine concentration. One trademark was used to prepare 1 g/L dilutions using water from different purification plants in Córdoba, Argentina. The samples were stored at room-temperature, both exposed or protected from light. The available chlorine concentration was determined by titration at preestablished time intervals. The beyond use date was reached when the available chlorine concentration dropped below 90 % of its initial. Results: The concentration of active chlorine in the different trademark bleaches was within the values established by current regulations. Diluted solutions protected from light showed a decrease of less than 10 % in active chlorine concentration during the first 10 days of assay. However, one sample exceeded the acceptance limit after 14 days. In contrast, in the samples exposed to light, the concentration of active chlorine dropped to 96.4 % at 24 hours and 79.3 % after 48 hours. No differences related to drinking water sources were observed. Conclusions: Compliance of the nominal available chlorine concentration in trademark bleach solutions was confirmed. Regardless the water source used for dilution, 1 g/L bleach solutions were stable for 10 days when stored at room temperature and protected from light. Instead, solutions exposed to light maintain their available chlorine concentration for only 24 hours.

scholarly journals Drinking water standards in South American countries: convergences and divergences

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vívian Gemiliano Pinto ◽  
Léo Heller ◽  
Rafael Kopschitz Xavier Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
World Health ◽  
South American ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

In this paper we present a comparative assessment of drinking-water standards from almost all South American countries, using the USA and the Canadian standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines as references. Similarities and discrepancies between standards/guidelines were identified through descriptive analyses and, in the case of chemical standards, clustering techniques. In general, one or another of the four consecutive editions of the WHO Guidelines were shown to be quite influential in setting drinking-water standards in the region, but not so much the USA and the Canadian standards. Considerable discrepancies between South American drinking-water standards were found, mainly with respect to chemical substances. Questions are raised about their scientific basis and/or the practicalities for their enforcement. In conclusion, the paper highlights that many drinking-water regulations in South America need updating, taking on the approach of health-based targets in setting these standards, as well as that of a broader risk-based preventive management in the entire supply system to assure water safety.

scholarly journals Arsenic in drinking water: not just a problem for Bangladesh

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. van Halem ◽  
S. A. Bakker ◽  
G. L. Amy ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Arsenic In Groundwater ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
High Arsenic

Abstract. For more than a decade it has been known that shallow tube wells in Bangladesh are frequently contaminated with arsenic concentrations at a level that is harmful to human health. By now it is becoming clear that a disaster of an unheard magnitude is going on: the World Health Organization fears that in the near future 1 in every 10 adult deaths in Bangladesh will be caused by arsenic-related cancers. Other studies show that problems with arsenic in groundwater/drinking water occur in many more countries worldwide, such as in the USA and China. In Europe the focus on arsenic problems is confined to countries with high arsenic levels in their groundwater, such as Romania, Hungary and Italy. In most other European countries, the naturally occurring arsenic concentrations are lower than the drinking water standard of 10 μg L−1. However, from the literature review presented in this paper, it may also be concluded that using the European standard, health risks cannot be excluded. It is therefore recommended that the current arsenic standard be reconsidered.

Outbreak of giardiasis associated with a community drinking-water source

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. DALY ◽  
S. J. ROY ◽  
D. D. BLANEY ◽  
J. S. MANNING ◽  
V. R. HILL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Well Placement ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

SUMMARYGiardiasis is a common waterborne gastrointestinal illness. In 2007, a community giardiasis outbreak occurred in New Hampshire, USA. We conducted a cohort study to identify risk factors for giardiasis, and stool and environmental samples were analysed. Consuming tap water was significantly associated with illness (risk ratio 4·7, 95% confidence interval 1·5–14·4). Drinking-water samples were coliform-contaminated and a suspectGiardiacyst was identified in a home water filter. One well was coliform-contaminated, and testing indicated that it was potentially under the influence of surface water. The well was located 12·5 m from aGiardia-contaminated brook, although the genotype differed from clinical specimens. Local water regulations require well placement at least 15 m from surface water. This outbreak, which caused illness in 31 persons, represents the largest community drinking-water-associated giardiasis outbreak in the USA in 10 years. Adherence to well placement regulations might have prevented this outbreak.

scholarly journals Pre-Post Monsoon Assessment of Ground Water of Ghot Village in Gadchiroli District

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3444-3448
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Drinking Water Source

there basic need of human being that is food, shelter and Cloth. So as In food water is very important after air, around 72% of earth surface is covered with water but among them only few percentage of source are available for drinking and other domestic purposed. Sub-Surface water is one of the most priceless naturally occurring things which balance human health and development of ecology. In this research find out safe drinking water source in Ghot village of Gadchiroli district. Also find determine chipset filtration process required other drinking water sources so that people from Ghot village are easily use this water for drinking and domestic purposed. With the help of sample analysis from different location of Ghot village are tested in laboratory and check with BIS and WHO standards. Water quality guidelines provide a threshold value for each parameter for drinking water. It is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time intervals, because due to the use of contaminated drinking water, the human population suffers from various water borne diseases. There are some parameters of drinking water quality parameters like World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian Standard IS 12500: 2012. The objectives of this study are to analyses the underground water quality of Ghot Village of Gadchiroli region by water quality index. In this research 11 sample point location were selected on five parameter which are essential for check for quality. Physico-chemical parameters such as PH, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Fluoride and Total Dissolved Solids collected different place like boar well, pond, River etc. In this study find out the range of water quality index so that treatment on water can be perform properly on respective drinking water source

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