scholarly journals Policy intervention for arsenic mitigation in drinking water in rural habitations in India: achievements and challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brajesh K. Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Intervention ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Holistic Manner

This article provides updated status of the arsenic affected rural habitations in India, summarizes the policy initiatives of the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation (Government of India), reviews the technologies for arsenic treatment and analyses the progress made by states in tackling arsenic problems in rural habitations. It also provides a list of constraints based on experiences and recommends suggested measures to tackle arsenic problems in an holistic manner. It is expected that the paper would be useful for policy formulators in states, non-government organizations, researchers of academic and scientific institutions and programme managers working in the area of arsenic mitigation in drinking water, especially in developing countries, as it provides better insights compared to other available information in India on mitigating arsenic problems in drinking water in rural areas.

scholarly journals Rainwater for drinking in Vietnam: barriers and strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bui Thi Thuy ◽  
Anh Dung Dao ◽  
Mooyong Han ◽  
Duc Canh Nguyen ◽  
Viet Anh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Barriers

Abstract For many decades in Vietnam, rainwater harvesting has been widely used as a nature-based solution in rural areas, aiming at good-quality drinking water with low cost and little energy. Recently, rainwater for drinking has attracted much attention from the Vietnam government. Furthermore, despite its efforts, the outcomes are not as expected due to local barriers. This paper reviewed rainwater for drinking demonstration projects in some specific areas of Vietnam, with identification of the technical, economic, and social barriers, further suggesting possible overcome strategies. A lesson learnt from this study would be the principle of promoting rainwater for drinking in developing countries, looking forward to sustainability.

Appropriate technologies for environmental hygiene

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1174) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Environmental Hygiene ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
The Face

Appropriate technologies for environmental hygiene usually centre on the delivery of adequate and accessible water supply, and proper treat­ment and disposal of excreta and refuse. In the face of the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade of 1981-90, several research efforts are under way in the developing countries to develop technologies and approaches for improving environmental hygiene in both rural areas and urban squatter settlements. These are discussed and include the technical development and field testing of infiltration galleries, low-cost slow and fast filtration processes for water treatment, handpumps, on-site excreta disposal using aqua-privy and compost toilets, and excreta treatment and refuse through composting with refuse, biogas generation, fish culture and use of excreta as crop fertilizer. The relevant technology ‘hardware’ is but one of several components necessary for effective delivery of services. The dearth of qualified manpower at all levels is described as being the major constraint to the Water and Sanitation Decad.

Review of operational indications on the design of facilities for radiopharmaceutical manufacturing in italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. D’Avanzo ◽  
G.M. Contessa ◽  
G. Cocomello ◽  
M. Mattozzi ◽  
M. Pacilio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Available Information

Purpose. In this article, the authors propose useful operational indications to approach in the best possible way the issues concerning the design of a facility for manufacturing radiopharmaceuticals, with focus on organizational and safety aspects. Methods. Several documents produced by authoritative bodies, national and international scientific institutions and associations were examined and referenced, to the purpose of reviewing all available information in the field. Results. Indications are gathered for the design stage, including the organization of accesses and routes and characteristics and requirements of premises and systems. Conclusions. Main goal is to guide the reader in evaluating and choosing the most suitable features and equipment to limit the risks due to ionizing radiation and to prevent contamination of the workers and the environment.

Water Quality and Health

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kreisel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Minimum Quality Standards ◽  
Quality Guidelines

Water quality can affect human health in various ways: through breeding of vectors, presence of pathogenic protozoa, helminths, bacteria and viruses, or through inorganic and organic chemicals. While traditional concern has been with pathogens and gastro-intestinal diseases, chemical pollutants in drinking-water supplies have in many instances reached proportions which affect human health, especially in cases of chronic exposure. Treatment of drinking-water, often grossly inadequate in developing countries, is the last barrier of health protection, but control at source is more effective for pollution control. Several WHO programmes of the International Drinking-Water Supply and Sanitation Decade have stimulated awareness of the importance of water quality in public water supplies. Three main streams have been followed during the eighties: guidelines for drinking-water quality, guidelines for wastewater reuse and the monitoring of freshwater quality. Following massive investments in the community water supply sector to provide people with adequate quantities of drinking-water, it becomes more and more important to also guarantee minimum quality standards. This has been recognized by many water and health authorities in developing countries and, as a result, WHO cooperates with many of them in establishing water quality laboratories and pollution control programmes.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of the Government and NGOs in Delivering Quality Services for the Rural People of Pakistan: Community Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 203-225
Author(s):  
Mohsin Khan ◽  
Jetnor Kasmi ◽  
Abdul Saboor ◽  
Iftikhar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Often the government and the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are criticised for their poor performances in delivering services particularly in rural areas. However, there has been limited research on the assessment of their relative performances in service delivery as well as on the perceptions of people on the quality of such service delivery. This study examines the relative performances of NGOs and the governmental development interventions that provide basic services including public health, education, drinking water and sanitation. The study explains the impact of agricultural extension services and infrastructure such as access to roads and markets on the rural people and measures the satisfaction level of the rural community. For this purpose, 225 households (HHs) in 8 villages of Phalia Tehsil, district Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan were first surveyed in 2010 and then in 2014 using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal different satisfaction levels of HHs, with most of them expressing less satisfaction on government service delivery compared with NGOs. They reveal satisfaction over the performance of NGOs in health, drinking water supplies and agriculture extension services. Further, the study shows an increasing satisfaction of people on access to road, transport, agri-market and price of agri-commodities by the government.

Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110332
Author(s):  
Ruchika Agarwala ◽  
Vinod Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Traffic Fatality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Relationship

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

scholarly journals The Extent of Heat on Health and Sustainable Farming in Ghana –Bawku East

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frimpong Kwasi ◽  
Jacque Oosthuizen ◽  
Eddie Van Etten
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Outdoor Work ◽  
Globe Temperature

<p>Little is known about the health effects of heat in outdoor work and appropriate work and rest schedules for farmers working in developing countries. As temperatures continue to increase in tropical regions, such as Northern Ghana, it is necessary to evaluate how farmers experience and respond to high heat exposures. In this study, WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) estimates and the ISO work / rest standards were applied to a cohort of farmers in the rural areas of Bawku East, Northern Ghana, to assess how farmers respond to high heat and how much they rest to protect their health, as well as the level of heat on their productivity. WBGT data was recorded over a period of 6 months among vegetable, cereals, and legume farmers. The ISO proposed and actual rest regimes observed by farmers in the same time period were evaluated. In the dry season the dry bulb temperature rose as high as 45 ºC, while during the humid months of March and April WBGT rose to levels as high as 34 ºC. Farmers worked for nine hours a day during these hot periods with insufficient rest, which has adverse consequences on their health and productivity.</p>

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