Review of operational indications on the design of facilities for radiopharmaceutical manufacturing in italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. D’Avanzo ◽  
G.M. Contessa ◽  
G. Cocomello ◽  
M. Mattozzi ◽  
M. Pacilio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Available Information

Purpose. In this article, the authors propose useful operational indications to approach in the best possible way the issues concerning the design of a facility for manufacturing radiopharmaceuticals, with focus on organizational and safety aspects. Methods. Several documents produced by authoritative bodies, national and international scientific institutions and associations were examined and referenced, to the purpose of reviewing all available information in the field. Results. Indications are gathered for the design stage, including the organization of accesses and routes and characteristics and requirements of premises and systems. Conclusions. Main goal is to guide the reader in evaluating and choosing the most suitable features and equipment to limit the risks due to ionizing radiation and to prevent contamination of the workers and the environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF RELIABILITY PROJECT ESTIMATION PROCEDURE CONSIDERING EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION FOR ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
M. A. Artyukhova ◽  
S. N. Polesskiy
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Resistance ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Reliability Estimation ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Space Systems ◽  
Reliability Indicators ◽  
Project Estimation

Human activity is often accompanied by exposure of ionizing radiation: the exploitation of space systems and power plants, research using isotopic sources, medicine. The development of electronic equipment is regulated by carrying out activities to ensure the required reliability and radiation resistance. However, the effect of ionizing radiation on reliability indicators is not taken into account properly, or is not taken into account at all, that sometimes leads to the loss of expensive equipment and even to human victims. The article discusses the methodology for carrying out an adequate estimate of the reliability considering the influence of external influencing factors, including ionizing radiation. The timeliness of decisions making to ensure the required reliability indicators is determined by the completeness of the reliability estimation at the design stage. Effort to ensure the reliability and durability of devices after the design stage is not economically viable. The completeness and adequacy of the estimation always depends on the interaction of specialists in different fields: designers, programmers, experts in the field of circuit design, electrical engineering and experts in the field of reliability and radiation resistance.

Science, Politics and Transnational Regulation: Regulatory Scientific Institutions and the Dilemmas of Hybrid Authority

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Ayal ◽  
Ronen Hareuveny ◽  
Oren Perez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Hybrid Structure ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Scientific Institutions

AbstractThe main objective of this article is to develop a better understanding of the structure of transnational regulatory scientific institutions (RSIs). We will argue that the hybrid political-legal-epistemic nature of RSIs creates a continual tension between their hierarchical and policy-driven structure and the paradigms of objectivity, parallelism and non-centralism that characterize science. The article examines the way in which RSIs cope with the challenge of maintaining their epistemic/political authority against the tensions generated by their hybrid structure. The article focuses on three institutions: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), and the International Competition Network (ICN), and examines how this challenge manifests itself in the context of these three bodies. The article links the discussion of hybrid authority with the problem of scientific uncertainty. It concludes with a discussion of the optimal design of RSIs.

scholarly journals Radiation-Induced Cerebro-Ophthalmic Effects in Humans

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin N. Loganovsky ◽  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Pavlo A. Fedirko ◽  
Kostiantyn V. Kuts ◽  
Katerina Y. Antypchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Available Information

Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) could affect the human brain and eyes leading to both cognitive and visual impairments. The aim of this paper was to review and analyze the current literature, and to comment on the ensuing findings in the light of our personal contributions in this field. The review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines by searching PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO and Google Scholar English papers published from January 2000 to January 2020. The results showed that prenatally or childhood-exposed individuals are a particular target group with a higher risk for possible radiation effects and neurodegenerative diseases. In adulthood and medical/interventional radiologists, the most frequent IR-induced ophthalmic effects include cataracts, glaucoma, optic neuropathy, retinopathy and angiopathy, sometimes associated with specific neurocognitive deficits. According to available information that eye alterations may induce or may be associated with brain dysfunctions and vice versa, we propose to label this relationship “eye-brain axis”, as well as to deepen the diagnosis of eye pathologies as early and easily obtainable markers of possible low dose IR-induced brain damage.

scholarly journals Policy intervention for arsenic mitigation in drinking water in rural habitations in India: achievements and challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brajesh K. Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Intervention ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Holistic Manner

This article provides updated status of the arsenic affected rural habitations in India, summarizes the policy initiatives of the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation (Government of India), reviews the technologies for arsenic treatment and analyses the progress made by states in tackling arsenic problems in rural habitations. It also provides a list of constraints based on experiences and recommends suggested measures to tackle arsenic problems in an holistic manner. It is expected that the paper would be useful for policy formulators in states, non-government organizations, researchers of academic and scientific institutions and programme managers working in the area of arsenic mitigation in drinking water, especially in developing countries, as it provides better insights compared to other available information in India on mitigating arsenic problems in drinking water in rural areas.

scholarly journals Bayesian Approaches for Confirmatory Trials in Rare Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1022
Author(s):  
Moreno Ursino ◽  
Nigel Stallard
Keyword(s):  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
Phase Iii Trial ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Confirmatory Trials ◽  
Robust Evidence

The aim of this narrative review is to introduce the reader to Bayesian methods that, in our opinion, appear to be the most important in the context of rare diseases. A disease is defined as rare depending on the prevalence of the affected patients in the considered population, for example, about 1 in 1500 people in U.S.; about 1 in 2500 people in Japan; and fewer than 1 in 2000 people in Europe. There are between 6000 and 8000 rare diseases and the main issue in drug development is linked to the challenge of achieving robust evidence from clinical trials in small populations. A better use of all available information can help the development process and Bayesian statistics can provide a solid framework at the design stage, during the conduct of the trial, and at the analysis stage. The focus of this manuscript is to provide a review of Bayesian methods for sample size computation or reassessment during phase II or phase III trial, for response adaptive randomization and of for meta-analysis in rare disease. Challenges regarding prior distribution choice, computational burden and dissemination are also discussed.

An Opportunistic Approach to Conceptual Design

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilango Shanmugavelu ◽  
Albert Esterline ◽  
Donald R. Riley ◽  
Arthur G. Erdman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction Problem ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Constrained System ◽  
Constraint Networks ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Linkage Synthesis

Abstract This paper addresses automation of the conceptual design stage of the overall design process, the stage that contributes the most to the cost and quality of the final product. An opportunistic constraint-based approach to conceptual design is proposed here. This approach combines some important aspects of the constraint-based transformational approach (for strongly connected systems) with aspects of the decompositional approach (for weakly connected systems) through the ability to change focus from one component to another depending on the available information and the ability to refine constraint networks hierarchically. Thus this approach enables one to address problems, such as linkage synthesis, that fall between strongly connected systems and weakly connected systems. Here design problem solving is basically viewed as an instance of the constraint satisfaction problem. Constraints are represented using hypergraphs and are manipulated through hypergraph grammars. The design strategy proposed here includes techniques to reorder the domain of a variable, to select the free choices of variables in an under-constrained system, and to select the “generator” set of constraints in an over-constrained system. A classification of constraints along with representation and reasoning guidelines is presented as a step toward implementing our approach in a way that exploits the nature of different types of constraints. An application is being developed in the linkage synthesis domain to demonstrate and validate the proposed approach.

scholarly journals Eco-design Methods and Tools: An Overview and Applicability to Packaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Visvaldas Varžinskas ◽  
Ieva Kazulytė ◽  
Valda Grigolaitė ◽  
Valdonė Daugėlaitė ◽  
Zita Markevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Sustainable Packaging ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Available Information

Eco-design is used as a tool in the product and service sectors with the aim to increase sustainability and reduce negative environmental impact on the product design stage. When analyzing available information on eco-design methodologies from the point of view of applicability to the packaging, it often becomes unclear which method should be preferred and would best suit the specific application. This paper explains the main principles of eco-design and sustainable application advantages and aims to show the benefits of applying eco-design strategies and methodologies into the development of sustainable packaging. The highlighted differences between the design methods, available tools and their features helps with finding the most suitable specific sustainable packaging design application.  

Ultrastructural Alterations in Hela Cells Induced by Spider Venom

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
Dale E. McClendon ◽  
Paul N. Morgan ◽  
Bernard L. Soloff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Loxosceles Reclusa ◽  
Essential Growth ◽  
Solution Cultures

It has been observed that minute amounts of venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa, are capable of producing cytotoxic changes in cultures of certain mammalian cells (Morgan and Felton, 1965). Since there is little available information concerning the effect of venoms on susceptible cells, we have attempted to characterize, at the electron microscope level, the cytotoxic changes produced by the venom of this spider.Cultures of human epithelial carcinoma cells, strain HeLa, were initiated on sterile, carbon coated coverslips contained in Leighton tubes. Each culture was seeded with approximately 1x105 cells contained in 1.5 ml of a modified Eagle's minimum essential growth medium prepared in Hank's balanced salt solution. Cultures were incubated at 36° C. for three days prior to the addition of venom. The venom was collected from female brown recluse spiders and diluted in sterile saline. Protein determinations on the venom-were made according to the spectrophotometric method of Waddell (1956). Approximately 10 μg venom protein per ml of fresh medium was added to each culture after discarding the old growth medium. Control cultures were treated similarly, except that no venom was added. All cultures were reincubated at 36° C.

Radiation-induced surface decomposition

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 368-369
Author(s):  
M. L. Knotek
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Chemical Bonding ◽  
Neutral Species ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Surface Decomposition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Electron And Photon ◽  
Surface Bond

Modern surface analysis is based largely upon the use of ionizing radiation to probe the electronic and atomic structure of the surfaces physical and chemical makeup. In many of these studies the ionizing radiation used as the primary probe is found to induce changes in the structure and makeup of the surface, especially when electrons are employed. A number of techniques employ the phenomenon of radiation induced desorption as a means of probing the nature of the surface bond. These include Electron- and Photon-Stimulated Desorption (ESD and PSD) which measure desorbed ionic and neutral species as they leave the surface after the surface has been excited by some incident ionizing particle. There has recently been a great deal of activity in determining the relationship between the nature of chemical bonding and its susceptibility to radiation damage.

Eds Of Radioactive Particles By Self-Induced Fluorescence

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Finch ◽  
Richard G. Cuddihy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reactor Accident ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
External Sources ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Individual Particles

The elemental composition of individual particles is commonly measured by using energydispersive spectroscopic microanalysis (EDS) of samples excited with electron beam irradiation. Similarly, several investigators have characterized particles by using external monochromatic X-irradiation rather than electrons. However, there is little available information describing measurements of particulate characteristic X rays produced not from external sources of radiation, but rather from internal radiation contained within the particle itself. Here, we describe the low-energy (< 20 KeV) characteristic X-ray spectra produced by internal radiation self-excitation of two general types of particulate samples; individual radioactive particles produced during the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident and radioactive fused aluminosilicate particles (FAP). In addition, we compare these spectra with those generated by conventional EDS.Approximately thirty radioactive particle samples from the Chernobyl accident were on a sample of wood that was near the reactor when the accident occurred. Individual particles still on the wood were microdissected from the bulk matrix after bulk autoradiography.

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