scholarly journals Water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors for the transmission of cholera in a changing climate: using a systematic review to develop a causal process diagram

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Natalia Jones ◽  
Maha Bouzid ◽  
Roger Few ◽  
Paul Hunter ◽  
Iain Lake
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Causal Process ◽  
Change Dynamics ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Abstract Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal disease affecting vulnerable communities. A long-term solution to cholera transmission is improved access to and uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Climate change threatens WASH. A systematic review and meta-analysis determined five overarching WASH factors incorporating 17 specific WASH factors associated with cholera transmission, focussing upon community cases. Eight WASH factors showed lower odds and six showed higher odds for cholera transmission. These results were combined with findings in the climate change and WASH literature, to propose a health impact pathway illustrating potential routes through which climate change dynamics (e.g. drought, flooding) impact on WASH and cholera transmission. A causal process diagram visualising links between climate change dynamics, WASH factors, and cholera transmission was developed. Climate change dynamics can potentially affect multiple WASH factors (e.g. drought-induced reductions in handwashing and rainwater use). Multiple climate change dynamics can influence WASH factors (e.g. flooding and sea-level rise affect piped water usage). The influence of climate change dynamics on WASH factors can be negative or positive for cholera transmission (e.g. drought could increase pathogen desiccation but reduce rainwater harvesting). Identifying risk pathways helps policymakers focus on cholera risk mitigation, now and in the future.

scholarly journals Production, Reproduction and Adaptation characteristics of Boran cattle breed under changing climate: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merga Bayssa ◽  
Sintayehu Yigrem ◽  
Simret Betsa ◽  
Adugna Tolera
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Breed Improvement

AbstractIntroductionClimate change has devastating effects on livestock production and productivity, which could threaten livestock-based food security in pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems of the tropics and sub-tropics. Hence, to sustain livestock production in an environment challenged by climate change, the animals must have the ability to survive and produce under extreme conditions. Boran cattle breed is one of the hardiest Zebu cattle reared by Borana Oromo pastoralists for milk and meat production. This paper aims to compile the main production, reproduction and adaptation traits of Boran cattle based on systematic review amd meta-analysis of peer reviewed and published articles on the subject.MethodologyCombination of systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA guideline was employed. Accordingly, out of 646 recorded articles identified through database searching, 64 were found to be eligible for production, reproduction and adaptation characteristics of the Boran cattle, twenty-eight articles were included in qualitative systematic review while 36 articles were used for quantitative meta-analysis.ResultBoran cattle have diversity of adaptation (morphological, physiological, biochemical, metabolic, cellular and molecular) responses to the effects of climate change induced challenges - notably high temperature and solar radiation, rangeland degradation, seasonal feed and water shortages and high incidences of tropical diseases. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model showed estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for reproduction and production traits. In addition, heritability and genetic-correlation estimates found in the present study suggest that there is high genetic variability for most traits in Boran cattle, and that genetic improvement is possible for all studied traits in this breed.ConclusionThe review revealed that Boran cattle exhibit better reproduction, production and adaption potentials as compared to other indigenous zebu cattle breeds in Ethiopia under low-land, poor pasture and water conditions. On other hand, the breed is currently challenged by adverse effects of climate change and other management factors such as high rate of genetic dilution, reduced rangeland productivity, lack of organized breed improvement programs and discriminate selection of gene pool. Thus, we recommend strategic breed improvement and genetic conservation program of Boran cattle breed in collaboration with Borana pastoralists through proper quantification of important traits and estimation of the pure Boran cattle population while controlled cross breeding strategy could be used in urban and peri-urban areas for maximum utilization of adapataion and production pottential of this breed.

scholarly journals Effect of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions alone and combined with nutrition on child growth in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e034812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolesa Bekele ◽  
Patrick Rawstorne ◽  
Bayzidur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Growth Outcomes ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Randomised Controlled

ObjectiveThis study aimed to provide clarification on the benefits of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) alone separately and combined with nutrition in improving child growth outcomes.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Science Direct were searched in May 2018 and last updated in April 2019. We included studies that reported WASH interventions alone separately or combined with nutrition. Fixed and random-effects models were used to estimate pooled effect in mean difference (MD). Heterogeneity and publication bias statistics were performed.ResultsA total of 18 studies were included: 13 cluster randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 5 non-randomised controlled trials (non-RCTs). Non-RCTs showed effect of WASH interventions alone on height-for-age z-score (HAZ) (MD=0.14; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.21) but RCTs did not. WASH alone of non-RCTs and RCTs that were delivered over 18–60 months indicated an effect on HAZ (MD=0.04; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.08). RCTs showed an effect for children <2 years (MD=0.07; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.13). Non-RCTs of WASH alone and those that included at least two components, improved HAZ (MD=0.15; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.23) but RCTs did not. WASH alone of non-RCTs and RCTs separately or together showed no effect on weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Combined WASH with nutrition showed an effect on HAZ (MD=0.13; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.17) and on WAZ (MD=0.09; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.13) and was borderline on WHZ.ConclusionsWASH interventions alone improved HAZ when delivered over 18–60 months and for children <2 years. Combined WASH with nutrition showed a strong effect on HAZ and WAZ and a borderline effect on WHZ. Integrated WASH with nutrition interventions may be effective inimproving child growth outcomes.

scholarly journals Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e1001605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith E. Stocks ◽  
Stephanie Ogden ◽  
Danny Haddad ◽  
David G. Addiss ◽  
Courtney McGuire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

scholarly journals An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 100806
Author(s):  
Peter Phiri ◽  
Rema Ramakrishnan ◽  
Shanaya Rathod ◽  
Kathryn Elliot ◽  
Tony Thayanandan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Public ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Health Impact

scholarly journals Associations among Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and Food Exposures and Typhoid Fever in Case–Control Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 1020-1031
Author(s):  
Sarah Brockett ◽  
Marlene K. Wolfe ◽  
Asa Hamot ◽  
Grace D. Appiah ◽  
Eric D. Mintz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

RAINWATER HARVESTING (RWH) INSTALLATION FOR BUILDINGS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS APPROACH

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Azirah Adnan ◽  
Asmalia Che Ahmad ◽  
Suharto Teriman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Physical Characteristic ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Technical Specification ◽  
Design Guideline ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Building Characteristics ◽  
Year 2000

Rainwater that falls upon a roof surface which are collected and transferred to the storage facility for later use is a method known as Rainwater Harvesting (RWH). This method is a step towards conserving the public drinking water where the demand continues to grow worldwide. In Malaysia, there is a huge potential of rainwater harvesting based on the available rainfall amount. Even so, the existing RWH design guideline in Malaysia lacks the technical specification regarding congruousness of RWH installation method with the physical characteristic of the building. Therefore, systematic literature review and meta-analysis were done to identify and understand the suitability between the types of RWH installation system with the building’s physical characteristic. The main objective of this study is to review the existing articles from year 2000 to the present on the installation systems used in RWH for non-potable purposes. The RWH installation system, types of building and building characteristics used in the previous studies will be evaluated in order to understand the suitability or regularity of the combinations. This review uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) as reviewing method. The systematic review process involved four stages which are identification, screening, eligibility and included. The sources of this review are Science Direct and Google Scholar. Results show there are three types of RWH installation system that were identified namely Gravity Fed System (GFS), Indirect Pumping System (IPS) and Direct Pumping System (DPS). DPS is commonly applied for non-potable purposes in residential, commercial and educational buildings. Small yard area, sloping site condition and types of soft landscape will affect the type of RWH installation system to be used. The result can be used to determine the suitability of the RWH installation system for different types and characteristics of a building.

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