scholarly journals Coagulation performance evaluation of alginate as a natural coagulant for the treatment of turbid water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Packiam Saranya ◽  
S. T. Ramesh ◽  
R. Gandhimathi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Coagulation Performance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Box Structure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Flocculation Process

Abstract Alginates are quite abundant in nature as they occur both as a structural component in marine brown algae (Phaeophyceae) comprising up to 40% of dry matter and as capsular polysaccharides in soil bacteria. Alginic acid is the only polysaccharide, which naturally contains carboxyl groups in each constituent residue, and possesses various abilities for functional materials. Experiments were carried out for the water of turbidity 300 NTU. Alginate as such doesn't act as a coagulant instead it should be converted to calcium alginate by adding calcium ions. Calcium chloride was used for imparting calcium ions necessary for the reaction. The dosage of calcium was fixed as 50 mg/L, 75 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and alginate doses between 2 to 10 mg/L. Calcium dosage below 50 mg/L was not sufficient enough for the formation of egg-box structure which is responsible for the coagulation and flocculation process. For the mechanism of charge neutralization to take place effectively, calcium should be added first followed by alginate. pH and conductivity of the sample remain constant before and after the treatment. The dosage of alginate required for the treatment is less so the cost of treatment also will be very less, thus alginate can replace the usage of chemical coagulants like alum.

Comparison of plasmapheresis with medical apheresis in terms of efficacy and cost in the acute treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in children with lipoprotein lipase deficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahin Erdol ◽  
Huseyin Bilgin ◽  
Halil Saglam
Keyword(s):  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Triglyceride Level ◽  
Acute Treatment ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Turkish Lira

Abstract Objectives We aimed to compare plasmapheresis and medical apheresis as lipid-lowering therapies in children with familial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency. Methods The data of 13 patients who were followed up after a diagnosis of LPL deficiency were retrospectively analyzed. Plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, amylase, and lipase values and complications were recorded before and after each patient underwent plasmapheresis or medical apheresis. Results The mean follow-up period of the patients was 99.64 ± 52.92 months in the medical apheresis group and 118 ± 16.97 months in the plasmapheresis group. While the mean triglyceride level before plasmapheresis was 1,875.38 ± 547.46 mg/dL, it was 617 ± 228.28 mg/dL after plasmapheresis. While the mean triglyceride level before medical apheresis was 1,756.86 ± 749.27 mg/dL, it was found to be 623.03 ± 51.36 mg/dL after medical apheresis. Triglyceride levels were decreased by 59.62% with medical apheresis and 65.57% with plasmapheresis. The cost of treatment for medical apheresis was found to be lower compared to plasmapheresis 296.93 ± 29.94 Turkish lira (USD 43.34 ± 4.01) vs. 3,845.42 ± 156.17 Turkish lira (USD 561.37 ± 20.93; p<0.001). Conclusions Although there is no standardized strategy for the acute treatment of hypertriglyceridemia due to LPL deficiency, medical apheresis is a safe and effective treatment with a low risk of side effects. Unlike plasmapheresis, medical apheresis can be performed in any center, which is another important advantage of the procedure.

Platelet Distribution and Survival in Plasma Clots and Thrombi

1961 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 470-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Cardiac Infarction ◽  
Cardiac Blood ◽  
Before And After

SummaryViscous metamorphosis of platelets in native and sequestrene plasma, before and after thrombin and plasmin action, has been studied. A method for the examination of platelet distribution in plasma clots and tissue paraffin sections is described.It was found that not all platelets undergo viscous metamorphosis in plasma clots or in intravascular thrombi. Platelets before and after viscous metamorphosis are not digested by plasmin. After plasmin action intact platelets can still undergo viscous metamorphosis and the fibrils which are then produced are not made of fibrin.Thrombin in the absence of calcium ions will not cause platelets to undergo viscous metamorphosis.Total blockage of cardiac blood vessels by platelet masses in cases of cardiac infarction is demonstrated. The significance of these findings in relation to blood sludging, and future lines of treatment are discussed.

scholarly journals Cost of Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Pan India Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312199849
Author(s):  
Raghuram Nagarathna ◽  
M Madhava ◽  
Suchitra S Patil ◽  
Amit Singh ◽  
K. Perumal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Of Disease ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major noncommunicable disease. While mortality rates are increasing, the costs of managing the disease are also increasing. The all-India average monthly expenditure per person (pppm) is reported to be ₹ 1,098.25, which translates to an annual expenditure of ₹13,179 per person. Purpose: While a number of studies have gone into the aspect of the cost of disease management, we do not find any study which has pan-India reach. We also do not find studies that focus on differences (if any) between rural and urban areas, age or on the basis of gender. We planned to report the cost of illness (COI) in diabetes individuals as compared to others from the data of a pan-India trial. Methods: Government of India commissioned the Indian Yoga Association to study the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in India in 2017. As part of the questionnaire, the cost of treatment was also captured. Data collected from 25 states and union territories were analyzed using the analysis of covriance (ANCOVA) test on SPSS version 21. Results: There was a significant difference ( P < .05) between the average expenses per person per month (pppm) of individuals with self-reported known diabetes (₹1,357.65 pppm) and others (unknown and/or nondiabetes individuals–₹ 999.91 pppm). Similarly, there was a significant difference between rural (₹2,893 pppm) and urban (₹4,162 pppm) participants and between those below (₹1,996 pppm) and above 40 years (₹5,059 pppm) of age. Conclusion: This preliminary report has shown that the COI because of diabetes is significantly higher than others pointing to an urgent need to promote disease-preventive measures.

scholarly journals Multi-Response Optimization of Coagulation and Flocculation of Olive Mill Wastewater: Statistical Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2344
Author(s):  
Srikanth Vuppala ◽  
Riyaaz Uddien Shaik ◽  
Marco Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Grey Relational Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Olive Mill Wastewater ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Coagulant Dosage ◽  
Response Optimization ◽  
Grey Relational ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
Olive Mill

Olive oil production is one of the important industrial sectors within the agro-food framework of the Mediterranean region, economically important to the people working in this sector, although there is also a threat to the environment due to residues. The main wastes of the olive oil extraction process are olive mill wastewater (OMW) and olive husks which also require proper treatment before dismissal. In this research work, the main goal is to introduce grey relational analysis, a technique for multi-response optimization, to the coagulation and flocculation process of OMW to select the optimum coagulant dosage. The coagulation and flocculation process was carried out by adding aluminum sulfate (Alum) to the waste stream in different dosages, starting from 100 to 2000 mg/L. In previous research work, optimization of this process on OMW was briefly discussed, but there is no literature available that reports the optimal coagulant dosage verified through the grey relational analysis method; therefore, this method was applied for selecting the best operating conditions for lowering a combination of multi-responses such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total phenols and turbidity. From the analysis, the 600 mg/L coagulant dosage appears to be top ranked, which obtained a higher grey relational grade. The implementation of statistical techniques in OMW treatment can enhance the efficiency of this process, which in turn supports the preparation of waste streams for further purification processes in a sustainable way.

scholarly journals Why Do Some Firms Spend So Much on Medical Care? Accounting for Variation

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Eichner ◽  
Mark McClellan ◽  
David A. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Average Expenditure

We are engaged in a long-term project to analyze the determinants of health care cost differences across firms. An important first step is to summarize the nature of expenditure differences across plans. The goal of this article is to develop methods for identifying and quantifying those factors that account for the wide differences in health care expenditures observed across plans.We consider eight plans that vary in average expenditure for individuals filing claims, from a low of $1,645 to a high of $2,484. We present a statistically consistent method for decomposing the cost differences across plans into component parts based on demographic characteristics of plan participants, the mix of diagnoses for which participants are treated, and the cost of treatment for particular diagnoses. The goal is to quantify the contribution of each of these components to the difference between average cost and the cost in a given firm. The demographic mix of plan enrollees accounts for wide differnces in cost ($649). Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the results is that, after adjusting for demographic mix, the difference in expenditures accounted for by the treatment costs given diagnosis ($807) is almost as wide as the unadjusted range in expenditures ($838). Differences in cost due to the different illnesses that are treated, after adjusting for demographic mix, also accounts for large differences in cost ($626). These components of cost do not move together; for example, demographic mix may decrease expenditure under a particular plan while the diagnosis mix may increase costs.Our hope is that understanding the reasons for cost differences across plans will direct more focused attention to controlling costs. Indeed, this work is intended as an important first step toward that goal.

scholarly journals Computer Modeling of Barrel-Vaulted Sanctuary Exhibiting Flutter Echo with Comparison to Measurements

Acoustics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-109
Author(s):  
Heather Lai ◽  
Brian Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Impulse Responses ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Geometrical Acoustics ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
The Cost

Computer modeling in acoustics allows for the prediction of acoustical defects and the evaluation of potential remediations. In this article, computer modeling is applied to the case of a barrel-vaulted sanctuary whose architectural design and construction led to severe flutter echoes along the main aisle, which was later mitigated through acoustical remediations. State-of-the-art geometrical acoustics and wave-based simulations are carried out to analyze the acoustics of this space, with a particular focus on the flutter echoes along the main aisle, before and after remediations. Multi-resolution wavelet and spectrogram analyses are carried out to isolate and characterize flutter echoes within measurements and computer-simulated room impulse responses. Comparisons of simulated responses to measurements are also made in terms of decay times and curves. Simulated room impulse responses from both geometrical acoustics and wave-based methods show evidence of flutter echoes matching measurements, to varying degrees. Time-frequency analyses isolating flutter echoes demonstrate better matches to measurements from wave-based simulated responses, at the cost of longer simulation times than geometrical acoustics simulations. This case study highlights the importance of computer modeling of acoustics in early design phases of architectural planning of worship spaces.

Study on Improving Biodegradability of Straw Pulp Papermaking Wastewater by Coagu-Flocculation and Nuclear-Flocculation

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 4361-4364
Author(s):  
Xiao Qiao Song
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combination Process ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
Papermaking Wastewater

When straw pulp papermaking wastewater was treated by the process of coagu-flocculation and nuclear-flocculation, there were still high CODCr. UV254 can reflect organic pollutants and organic pollutants of unsaturated aromatic ring, carbon-carbon double bond. With the decrease of molecular weight of organic pollutants, absorption of ultraviolet light will decrease. Indirectly, it reflectd that the combination process had a good removal effect on high molecular aromatic hydrocarbons difficult to be biodegraded. Meanwhile it can improve the the biodegradability. It used the activated sludge process as subsequent process of coagulation and-flocculation process. The test results showed that the removal rate of CODCr was 24.1%, CODCr was the 88.1mg/L. It reached effluent standard.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of retrofit R410a refrigerant with R32 refrigerant on a split air conditioner

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
I Nengah Ardita ◽  
◽  
I Gusti Agung Bagus Wirajati ◽  
I Dewa Made Susila ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Experimental Equipment ◽  
Evaporation Heat ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Common Group ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Design And Manufacture

Split air conditioning (AC) is the most widely used in the community for both commercial and domestic utilities. At the present refrigerant which used in Split AC is mostly common group of HFCs, such as R410a. R410a is a zeotropic refrigerant and if there is a leak in the system, it cannot be added this refrigerant. This will increase the cost of maintenance. The aims of this research is to investigate the retrofit of R410a with R32 on the Split AC system. The R32 is chosen because it has higher latent evaporation heat at the same temperature and has less effect on global warming. The refrigeration effect, the power consumption and the system performance are the main three quantities that want to be examined in this research which are observed before and after retrofit. Experimental investigation conducted during this research, including design and manufacture of experimental equipment, calibration and tools installment, collecting the experimental data and analysis by quantitative description method before and after retrofit. The results informed that cooling effect increased during the research, but the COP system has a slight decrease about 4%. R32 refrigerant is quite feasible as a retrofit refrigerant to R410a refrigerant.

scholarly journals Unstable Hemostasis and Specific Postoperative Complications (Literature Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
D. V. Lebedeva ◽  
E. A. Ilyicheva
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Technical Errors ◽  
Perioperative Bleeding ◽  
The Cost

Perioperative bleeding occupies a leading place among all surgical complications and, despite the rapid development of surgery, remains relevant to this day. In addition to an increase in mortality, bleeding can cause the development of other postoperative complications, which lead to disability of patients and to a decrease in the quality of life in all age groups. Most perioperative bleeding are caused by technical errors. This article reviews the problem of perioperative bleeding from the point of view of impaired coagulation capabilities of the body. The main etiopathogenetic features of hemostasis during the development of this complication are considered. The analysis of postoperative complications, which were directly or indirectly caused by bleeding during or after surgery, is presented. The prevalence of these complications in various areas of surgery has been demonstrated. More detailed study of the hemostasis system and the identification of predictors of hemostasis difficulties before the surgery may cause an improvement in the results of surgical treatment and reduce the number of postoperative complications and the duration of hospital stay. Accordingly, this will lead to a decrease in the cost of treatment and an increase in patient satisfaction with the medical care. In connection with the above, there is a great interest among surgeons and anesthesiologists in preventing the development of perioperative bleeding.

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