Serbuk Biji Asam Jawa (Tamarin Dusindica L) untuk Pengelolaan Limbah Industri Cair Tempe (Studi Kasus Mataram)

Most of the tempe industry have not been equipped with a waste water treatment unit. It is usually a water soaked soybeans and soybean excess water is still discharged directly in the into the environment. Liquid waste industrial of tempeh contain high organic materials. One of the process for wastewater treatment is coagulation with the addition of a positively charged polyelectrolyte in tempeh wastewater as negatively charged. One of plants in Indonesia that can be used as an alternative coagulant is tamarind seeds (Tamarindus indica, L).it can be used for wastewater treatment is more economical. The aims of this experiment is to determine the optimum stirring time, optimum pH of the waste and optimum coagulant dosage for treatment of the tempeh wastewater with coagulant tamarind seed powder. The experiment studied were stirring time, the pH of thetempeh wastewater and coagulant dosage to the percentage decrease in turbidity and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). The variables in the experiment were stirring time (10,15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes), the pH of the waste (3; 3.5; 4; 4 and 5) and the dosage of tamarind seed powder (100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 mg / L). COD testing methods is closed reflux method by spectrophotometry and turbidity testing using Turbidimeter. The results showed that the with coagulant tamarind seed powder effectively lowered cod levels and the dryness of tempeh liquid industrial waste. The optimum pH obtained is pH 4, optimum stirring time is 25 minutes and the increase in optimum coagulant dose is 500 mg with a percentage decrease in COD levels and noise by 90.57% and 78.94%. Key words: liquid waste; sour power; turbidity; COD

Turbid Water Treatment Using Deshelled Carica papaya Seed: Analysis Via Factorial Design

Natural coagulants are proven to be a good alternative to conventional coagulants with the removal of various pollutants and are environmentally friendly. Despite its advantages, the least studies were carried out on local agro-wastes such as papaya seeds as natural coagulants concerning different operational factors. The study analyzes the main and interactions effect between the coagulant dosage, initial turbidity, and pH on deshelled Carica papaya seeds for turbid water treatment. A 2-level factorial design was used to investigate the main and interaction effects of the main operational factors, viz. coagulant dosage (50-200 mg/L), pH (3-7), and initial turbidity (100-500 NTU) on the turbidity removal of the synthetic turbid water. Based on individual performance, the results suggested that initial turbidity and pH are the most significant factors among the investigated operational factors. In combination, all interactions are significant, but the interaction between initial turbidity and pH is most significant, with 97.2% turbidity removal. Upon application of Carica papaya seed as a natural coagulant in water and wastewater treatment, these operating variables and their interactions are best to be considered.

Drying And Extraction of Moringa Oleifera And Its Application In Wastewater Treatment

Conventional coagulants such as aluminum sulfate and ferric sulphate have proved to be harmful to human health as it may cause neurological diseases like Alzheimer and percentile dementia. These health concerns have led to the use of natural coagulants which are environmental friendly and not harmful to human health. In this study, Moringa Oleifera seeds are selected to study the preparation of the natural coagulant and further use it in dye wastewater treatment. The two important steps used in preparing the natural coagulants are drying of the raw materials and extraction of the protein content. Moringa Oleifera seeds were oven dried at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C and the drying data was recorded. The recorded data was then fitted into five thin layer kinetic models to obtain the most suitable drying temperature and its corresponding drying time. Using Microsoft Excel Solver 2011, values of (R2), (RMSE) and chi-square (X2 ) were calculated. Based on the highest value of (R2 ) and lowest value of (RMSE), Page kinetic model was selected. Moreover, for the selected Page kinetic model, values of (R2) and (X2) were also compared for all three temperatures and the temperature with the highest (R2) value and lowest chi-square value (X2) was selected as the most optimum drying temperature. The most optimum drying temperature for drying Moringa Oleifera seeds was obtained as 50°C as the seeds dried at this temperature holds the maximum protein content concentration which enhances its coagulation properties. Furthermore, the corresponding drying time of about 6.5 hours for seeds dried at 50°C was also taken as the most optimum drying time. In the next step, Moringa Oleifera seeds which have been dried at 50°C for 6.5 hours were used for protein extraction. Solid to solvent ratios of 0.5:100, 1:100, 2:100 and 5: 100 (g of dried Moringa oleifera seeds: ml of distilled water) were used to extract the protein by using a domestic blender for 2 minutes. Using the Bradford method, the absorbance for each solid to solvent ratio solution was recorded and the protein content concentration was further calculated. The highest protein content concentration of 0.0017 ug/uL was obtained in the best solid to solvent ratio which is 5.0: 100. Therefore, this solid to solvent ratio was used in the jar test. The jar test was based on three process parameters which includes coagulant dosage, pH and initial concentration of dye wastewater. The coagulant dosage of 300 mg/L, initial concentration of dye wastewater of 50 ppm and pH of 7 were selected as the most optimum process parameters for a maximum turbidity removal of 70.4% and a maximum color removal of 44.54% in the dye wastewater treatment with Moringa Oleifera seeds.

Fish Farm Wastewater Treatment using Moringa oleifera Seed Powder as Natural Coagulant

In view of the huge amount of wastewater being generated from the aquaculture sector in Malaysia, Moringa oleifera seed powder was utilized as effective bio-coagulant to minimize the deterioration of fish farm wastewater quality. In this study, optimization of a coagulation-flocculation process was examined through response surface model toolkit established on a central composite design. A quadratic polynomial model was eventually selected to fit its turbidity removal response. The effect of four crucial parameters, namely pH, coagulant dosage, mixing time and settling time was optimized at pH 10, 400 mg/L coagulant dosage, 15 minutes mixing time and 10 minutes settling time for M. oleifera seed extract at a 47.11% turbidity removal efficiency. M. oleifera seed powder substantially removed (>30%) the concentration of total suspended solids, ammonia content, total volatile solids, and phosphate content as compared with the control group without any coagulant addition.

Factorial optimization of Coagulation-Flocculation process for Abattoir Wastewater using Carica Papaya seed extract as bio-coagulant

The objective of this research was to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process for abattoir wastewater by utilizing a bio-coagulant derived from Carica Papaya seed (CPS). The bio-coagulant (CPC) was extracted from the Carica Papaya seed using a 2M NaCl solution, and the coagulation-flocculation process was carried out using a bench scale jar test. Applying design expert (13.0.5.0), 23 full factorials with 5 center points, the effects of three factors: coagulant dosage (X1), pH of the wastewater (X2), and temperature (X3) on turbidity reduction efficiency were examined. Applying ANOVA, it was discovered that a linear model best characterizes the process, with a significant p-value of 0.0015, showing that the model is significant. Additionally, the temperature is a significant component in the model, with a p-value of 0.02 indicating that the temperature is statistically significant. A turbidity reduction efficiency of 90.02 % was attained at the optimum conditions of 0.75g/L of CPC, pH of 6, and temperature of 308 K.

Reduction of COD and Highly Coloured Mature Landfill Leachate by Tin Tetrachloride with Rubber Seed and Polyacrylamide

Tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) as a coagulant and rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) (RS), and polyacrylamide (PAM) as the coagulant aid were investigated in this work to treat matured and stabilised landfill leachate rich in COD and colour. A standard jar test was conducted at different pH values and dosages of coagulant/coagulant aid. When SnCl4 acted as the primary coagulant, the optimum conditions occurred at pH 8 and 10,000 mg/L dosages, with 97.3% and 81% reductions of colour and COD, respectively. Both RS and PAM were not effective when used alone. When RS was used as the coagulant aid, the dosage of SnCl4 was reduced to 8000 mg/L. The colour reduction was maintained at 97.6%, but the COD removal dropped to 43.1%. In comparison, when PAM was supplemented into 6000 mg/L SnCl4, the reduction in colour was maintained at 97.6%, and the COD removal was almost at par when SnCl4 was used alone. The addition of polymers as the coagulant aid helped in improving the sludge properties with a better settling rate (SSR) and larger flocs size. The decline of the SVI value indicates that less amount of sludge will be disposed of after the treatment. In addition, the rise of settling velocity (SSR) will reduce the size of the settling tank used in coagulation-flocculation treatment. Based on the results, it can be concluded that incorporation of coagulant aid into the treatment reduced the primary coagulant dosage without affecting the removal performances of pollutants.

Aloe vera as a natural flocculant for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment - characterisation and optimisation studies

In the present study, fenugreek and aloe vera were investigated for the removal of turbidity (TUR), total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from POME by using a central composite design (CCD) in the Design Expert software. The effects of three factors such as pH, coagulant dosage and flocculant dosage were analysed using jar test experiment and optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum results obtained from process optimisation analysis were pH 4, 24.13 g of coagulant dosage and 20 ml of flocculant dosage that are sufficient to remove 82.78 % of TUR, 83.40 % of TSS and 32.95 % of COD. The maximum error between the optimised values and the experimental values (82.78 % for TUR, 83.08 % for TSS and 33.76 % for COD) were below 4 %, indicating that satisfactory agreement was achieved. This showed that modelling and optimisation of the coagulation-flocculation process can be achieved by RSM approach. From analytical studies, it was found that the interactions between coagulant-flocculant and colloidal particles involve the mechanisms of charge neutralisation, adsorption and bridging, due to the active components such as amine (N-H) and hydroxyl (O-H) groups contained in the fenugreek and aloe vera.

Tannin and chemical-based agents for coagulation and flocculation of landfill leachate

Effluents generated in landfills are difficult to treat and require different forms of treatment to reach the necessary polishing for disposal. Leachate is usually treated in stabilization ponds where pollutants are significantly removed, but it might not be enough for disposal. Thus, we aimed at evaluating the applicability of the natural coagulant Tanfloc SG and the chemical coagulant PAC, with the addition of the anionic flocculation auxiliary polymer (PA), in the coagulation / flocculation processes as a post-treatment of landfill effluents. The tests were carried out by means of a jar test, with coagulant dosage ranging from 0 - 1,250 mg.L-1 and pH values ranging from 5 - 9, in three decantation times. The results showed that both Tanfloc SG and PAC are efficient in clarifying the effluents, even though they act well in different dosage values of coagulants and pH. The polymer dosage did not generate significant improvements in the variations of the variables studied, however, in some experiments it was shown to expand removal range in regards to some variables. The PAC coagulant showed to be efficient in the removal of suspended solids, dissolved materials, colloidals and humic substances, and Tanfloc SG acted mainly in the removal of solids.

Dairy Wastewater Treatment with Organic Coagulants: A Comparison of Factorial Designs

Optimization of coagulant dosage and pH to reduce the turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of synthetic dairy wastewater (SDW) was investigated using a full factorial design (FFD) and full factorial design with center point (FFDCP). Two organic coagulants, polyacrylamide (PAM) and Tanfloc were used. The optimal values of coagulant dosage and pH were determined using a multiple response optimization tool and desirability function. The results obtained revealed that the optimum condition for removing turbidity and COD were at pH 5.0 using 50 mg L−1 of coagulant. The same optimum point was obtained in both experimental designs, indicating a good agreement between them. In optimum conditions, the expected removal of turbidity was above 98% with PAM and above 95% with Tanfloc. The estimated COD removal was above 72% with PAM and above 65% with Tanfloc. The addition of center points with replicates in the factorial design allowed to obtain the estimate of the experimental error with a smaller number of runs, allowing to save time and cost of the experimental tests. Moreover, the addition of center points did not affect the estimates of the factorial effects and it was possible to verify the effect of curvature, allowing obtaining information about the factors at intermediate levels.