scholarly journals Chihuahua-Sacramento and tabalaopa-aldama aquifers of Chihuahua state, Mexico: linkage and importance of geostatistical and hydrogeochemical analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Núñez ◽  
E. Herrera ◽  
C. J. Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Total Hardness ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Upward Flow ◽  
Heterogeneous Aquifer ◽  
Regional Flow ◽  
Flow Differentiation ◽  
Mixed Water ◽  
Good Flow ◽  
Water Sufficiency

Abstract The objective of this study is to gather sufficient information to make a diagnosis of drinking water sufficiency in the Chihuahua-Sacramento and Tabalaopa-Aldama aquifers. By applying advanced statistical techniques, the goal is to find the variables that control the regional and intermediate flow systems and establish the characteristics of a heterogeneous aquifer. The variables chosen from those established were as follows: total solids (TS), nitrates (NO3), fluoride (F), and total hardness, among others. In order to establish a conceptual model, the results from all the sampling were carried out by the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) in the aforementioned aquifers and were used to obtain an approximate flow differentiation. The results showed a good flow differentiation. In addition, a group of mixed water was detected among the intermediate and regional flows. The increase in the average regional flow values suggests a rise in the incidence of an upward flow of the regional flow as a result of uncontrolled extraction.

scholarly journals Error in hydraulic head and gradient time-series measurements: a quantitative appraisal

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 3603-3629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel C. Rau ◽  
Vincent E. A. Post ◽  
Margaret Shanafield ◽  
Torsten Krekeler ◽  
Eddie W. Banks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Hydraulic Head ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Regional Flow ◽  
Starting Point

Abstract. Hydraulic head and gradient measurements underpin practically all investigations in hydrogeology. There is sufficient information in the literature to suggest that head measurement errors can impede the reliable detection of flow directions and significantly increase the uncertainty of groundwater flow rate calculations. Yet educational textbooks contain limited content regarding measurement techniques, and studies rarely report on measurement errors. The objective of our study is to review currently accepted standard operating procedures in hydrological research and to determine the smallest head gradients that can be resolved. To this aim, we first systematically investigate the systematic and random measurement errors involved in collecting time-series information on hydraulic head at a given location: (1) geospatial position, (2) point of head, (3) depth to water, and (4) water level time series. Then, by propagating the random errors, we find that with current standard practice, horizontal head gradients <10-4 are resolvable at distances ⪆170 m. Further, it takes extraordinary effort to measure hydraulic head gradients <10-3 over distances <10 m. In reality, accuracy will be worse than our theoretical estimates because of the many possible systematic errors. Regional flow on a scale of kilometres or more can be inferred with current best-practice methods, but processes such as vertical flow within an aquifer cannot be determined until more accurate and precise measurement methods are developed. Finally, we offer a concise set of recommendations for water level, hydraulic head and gradient time-series measurements. We anticipate that our work contributes to progressing the quality of head time-series data in the hydrogeological sciences and provides a starting point for the development of universal measurement protocols for water level data collection.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER IN KOTA REGION, RAJASTHAN, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
NITU SINGH ◽  
FATIMA SULTANA
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Developing Nation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Chloride Sulfate

India is a developing nation and is dependent on its natural resources for growth and development. Water, being one of the vital natural resource, must be used judicially for the sustainable development. Present study focuses on the analysis of physicochemical parameters (pH, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Total dissolved solids, Conductivity, Chloride, Sulfate, Fluoride contents) of ground water and surface water in Kota City (Rajasthan). The study shows the adverse impact of exploitation and urbanization on water resources of Kota City (Rajasthan). Some physicochemical parameters exceed the desirable limits as defined by WHO and Indian Standards in the selected sites. The level of pollution in ground water and surface water of Kota City is increasing due to urbanization.

A performance evaluation and modification of the UNICEF upward-flow water filter

Waterlines ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Pratap Singh ◽  
Malay Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Upward Flow ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
A Performance

In vitro validation of a 3-dimensional transrectal ultrasound system for prostate biopsiess

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Derek Cool ◽  
Shi Sherebrin ◽  
Jonathan Izawa ◽  
Joseph Chin ◽  
Aaron Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasound ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Needle Guidance ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
3D Information

Introduction: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prostate biopsy (Bx) is currently confined to 2D information to both target and record 3D Bx locations. Accurate placement of Bx needles cannot be verified without 3D information, and recording Bx sites in 2D does not provide sufficient information to accurately guide the high incidence of repeat Bx. We have designed a 3D TRUS prostate Bx system that augments the current 2D TRUS system and provides tools for biopsy-planning, needle guidance, and recording of the biopsy core locations entirely in 3D. Methods: Our Bx system displays a 3D model of the patient’s prostate, which is generated intra-procedure from a collection of 2D TRUS images, representative of the particular prostate shape. Bx targets are selected, needle guidance is facilitated, and 3D Bx sites are recorded within the 3D context of the prostate model. The complete 3D Bx system was validated, in vitro, by performing standard ten-core Bx on anatomical phantoms of two patient’s prostates. The accuracy of the needle-guidance, Bx location recording, and 3D model volume and surface topology were validated against a CT gold standard. Results: The Bx system successfully reconstructed the 3D patient prostate models with a mean volume error of 3.2 ± 7.6%. Using the 3D system, needles were accurately guided to the pre-determined targets with a mean error of 2.26 ± 1.03 mm and the 3D locations of the Bx cores were accurately recorded with a mean distance error of 1.47 ± 0.79 mm. Conclusion: We have successfully developed a 3D TRUS prostate biopsy system and validated the system in vitro. A pilot study has been initiated to apply the system clinically.

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