Chihuahua-Sacramento and tabalaopa-aldama aquifers of Chihuahua state, Mexico: linkage and importance of geostatistical and hydrogeochemical analysis

The objective of this study is to gather sufficient information to make a diagnosis of drinking water sufficiency in the Chihuahua-Sacramento and Tabalaopa-Aldama aquifers. By applying advanced statistical techniques, the goal is to find the variables that control the regional and intermediate flow systems and establish the characteristics of a heterogeneous aquifer. The variables chosen from those established were as follows: total solids (TS), nitrates (NO3), fluoride (F), and total hardness, among others. In order to establish a conceptual model, the results from all the sampling were carried out by the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) in the aforementioned aquifers and were used to obtain an approximate flow differentiation. The results showed a good flow differentiation. In addition, a group of mixed water was detected among the intermediate and regional flows. The increase in the average regional flow values suggests a rise in the incidence of an upward flow of the regional flow as a result of uncontrolled extraction.

The nexus between improved water supply and water-borne diseases in urban areas in Africa: a scoping review

Background: The sub-Saharan Africa has the fastest rate of urbanisation in the world. However, infrastructure growth in the region is slower than urbanisation rates, leading to inadequate provision and access to basic services such as piped safe drinking water. Lack of sufficient access to safe water has the potential to increase the burden of waterborne diseases among these urbanising populations. This scoping review assesses how the relationship between waterborne diseases and water sufficiency in Africa has been studied. Methods: In April 2020, we searched the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar databases for studies of African cities that examined the effect of insufficient piped water supply on selected waterborne disease and syndromes (cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroneteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, rotavirus). Only studies conducted in cities that had more than half a million residents in 2014 were included. Results: A total of 32 studies in 24 cities from 17 countries were included in the study. Most studies used case-control, cross-sectional individual or ecological level study designs. Proportion of the study population with access to piped water was the common water availability metrics measured while amounts consumed per capita or water interruptions were seldom used in assessing sufficient water supply. Diarrhea, cholera and typhoid were the major diseases or syndromes used to understand the association between health and water sufficiency in urban areas. There was weak correlation between the study designs used and the association with health outcomes and water sufficiency metrics. Very few studies looked at change in health outcomes and water sufficiency over time. Conclusion: Surveillance of health outcomes and the trends in piped water quantity and mode of access should be prioritised in urban areas in Africa in order to implement interventions towards reducing the burden associated with waterborne diseases and syndromes.

Integrated Evaluation of Changing Water Resources in an Active Ecotourism Area: The Case of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines

Rapid urbanization, tourism, and climate change (CC) threaten water resource management in developing countries. Conventional water-planning tools cannot account for the changing effects of water disparity, climate risks, and environmental flow (EF) requirements. This paper proposes an alternative approach that applies stylized water-demand forecasting and predicting water availability from the perspectives of CC, changing society, and EF, thereby providing managers with future scenarios of surface water sufficiency/deficiency in an active ecotourism area, namely, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines. We considered (1) scenarios of seasonal droughts to prepare for climate risks in the future and (2) scenarios of water availability that do not depend on groundwater supply, in which the projected water deficiency is frequent both annually and seasonally. The results of this case study showed that an additional water supply from the Montible Watershed to the city was projected to secure sufficient amounts of water to achieve surface-water sufficiency, which is consistent with the goals of both the municipality and the water company to reduce the dependency on groundwater. Moreover, significant infrastructure investment costs must be anticipated in Scenario 3. Our approach proves efficient in modeling water demand in regions with active tourism and hydrology and therefore has the potential for further analyses and application.

A review on harvesting and harnessing rainwater: an alternative strategy to cope with drinking water scarcity

Currently available sources of water face extreme pressures around the globe because of oblivious human activities as well as changing climate. The rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) carries a huge potential to enhance surface and groundwater resources in regions having a poor water supply. Recently, several countries have started to promote the updated implementation of such practice to tackle the problem of growing water demand. These considerations motivated our enthusiasm for looking at its current circumstances and the possibility of RWHS in the future. In this regard, the study aims to identify the evidence gap among different determinants (climate change, reliability, water quality and financial viability) intertwined with RWHS. In the paper, studies related to the significance of RWHS amidst scarcity of water around the globe, published in valued journals from 2000 to 2020, are reviewed. We found that the RWHS becomes economically viable when certain steps and risk assessment methods are executed in planning and maintaining this system. The study concludes that drinking water sufficiency is possible if a sustainable drinking water supply system is built via RWHS.

The nexus between water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in cities in Africa: a scoping review protocol

Introduction: Currently, an estimated two thirds of the world population is water insufficient. As of 2015, one out of every five people in developing countries do not have access to clean sufficient drinking water. In an attempt to share the limited resource, water has been distributed at irregular intervals in cities in developing countries. Residents in these cities seek alternative water sources to supplement the inadequate water supplied. Some of these alternative sources of water are unsafe for human consumption, leading to an increased risk in water-borne diseases. Africa contributes to 53% of the diarrheal cases reported globally, with contaminated drinking water being the main source of transmission. Water-borne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus are a major public health concern. The main objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence to understand the sources of water among residents in cities in Africa and the relationship between clean water sufficiency and water-borne diseases in urban Africa. Methods and analysis: The search strategy will identify studies published in scientific journals and reports that are directly relevant to African cities that have a population of more than half a million residents as of 2014 AND studies on the ten emerging water-borne diseases, which are diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, cryptosporidium, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, guinea worm and rotavirus. Ethics and dissemination: This scoping review did not require any formal ethical approval. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Pure Water Production in The City Wajihiya

The study issue was investigating the reality of drinking water sufficiency in the cities of the district according to the efficiency of the service. The results have come up with the following: The daily production capacity of the refineries does not fulfill the needs of these cities due to the demographic, urban, and commercial growth in them. There is a flaw in spatial distribution of water refineries in the cities of the district. The actual production of clean water facilities in the study area in 2013 is 1287 m3/day. Accordingly, the share of a single person is 125m3/ person/day which is the less than the approved criteria of a person's need of clean water which is 360 m3/ person/day

MODEL PERAN ANTAR KELEMBAGAAN DESA DALAM PENYEDIAAN AIR BAKU MELALUI PARADIGMA KEPEDULIAN AIR (Studi Kasus Desa Bendungan, Kecamatan Ciawi, Kabupaten Bogor)

Based on water balance and temporal water sufficiency analysis in Ciliwung Hulu watershed, it shows that Ciseuseupan sub watershed belongs toinsufficient water category. Of the 8 villages in the Ciseuseupan sub watershed, there is a Bendungan village that is not enough water category in the provision of raw water, because in the provision of raw water is still dependent on natural reliability such as rivers, springs, wells, and others. This research discusses insufficient water solutions at the village level with one of them is institutional analysis through concern of water paradigm. The method used is ISM (Interpretative Structural Model), with emphasis on 4 (four) elements structured in relation to the provision of raw water ie: (1) needs of the program, (2) the main obstacle, (3) purpose program, and (4) institutions involved in program implementation. Therefore, it is required an independent water provision expert, involving various parties. The purpose of this research is to build an institutional role model in the provision of concern of water paradigm. The results show that: to realize a new paradigm in the provision of raw water, the main constraint is quality of human resources (village officials, communities, and NGOs), which must be resolved first, so that they can participate together to build the infrastructure by adequate socialization. Berdasarkan analisis neraca air dan ketercukupan air temporal DAS Ciliwung Hulu menunjukkan bahwa Sub DAS Ciseuseupan termasuk ke dalam kategori kurang cukup air dalam penyediaan air baku. Dari delapan desa yang ada di Sub DAS tersebut, Desa Bendungan merupakan salah satu desa yang ketercukupan airnya termasuk dalam kategori tidak cukup, sebab dalam penyediaan airnya masih mengandalkan alam, seperti sungai, air tanah melalui sumur, mata air, dan lain-lain. Penelitian ini menjelaskan solusi ketidak cukupan di tingkat desa, dimana salah satunya adalah dengan analisis peran antar kelembagaan melalui paradigma kepedulian air. Metode yang digunakan adalah ISM (Interpretative Structural Model), yang menekankan pada empat elemen yang berhubungan dengan penyediaan air baku, yaitu: (1) kebutuhan program, (2) kendala utama, (3) tujuan program, dan (4) lembaga yang terkait dengan program. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan ahli penyediaan air mandiri, yang melibatkan berbagai pihak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membangun struktur model kelembagaan penyediaan air baku melalui paradigma kepedulian air. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa: untuk merealisasikan paradigma baru di dalam penyediaan air baku,kendala utamanya adalah kualitas sumber daya manusia (aparat desa, masyarakat, dan LSM) yang harus diatasi terlebih dahulu agar mereka dapat berpartisipasi bersama-sama untuk membangun infrastruktur air melalui sosialisasi yang memadai.