Regulatory ecotoxicology testing in Canada – activities and influence of the Inter-Governmental Ecotoxicological Testing Group

The Inter-Governmental Ecotoxicological Testing Group (IGETG) is an ad hoc group of government scientists, technologists, data users, and scientific advisors that has been active in the development and application of ecotoxicological testing in Canada. Membership includes representatives from government laboratories that conduct toxicity testing for research and development purposes, monitor effluent discharge for compliance with regulations, and/or perform exploratory monitoring of non-regulated sectors. The original focus of the group was to support the development and application of standardized toxicity test methods under the Fisheries Act but as the group matured it broadened its focus to five goals: (1) to promote the use of ecotoxicity testing; (2) to disseminate and harmonize new knowledge and understanding of issues related to ecotoxicity testing; (3) to provide scientific support to environmental programs; (4) to develop, validate and publish toxicological test methods; and (5) to establish and implement quality assurance practices in toxicology laboratories. Since 1990, IGETG has assisted Environment Canada in standardizing 22 toxicity test methods and in developing eight guidance documents. In this context, we briefly outline the history and future of applied ecotoxicological testing in Canada illustrated by specific examples wherein standard toxicity tests are useful. This paper commemorates IGETG's 35th anniversary.

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Tinjauan Pustaka : Teknik Pengujian Toksisitas Teratogenik Pada Obat Herbal

Jurnal Farmasi Udayana ◽

10.24843/jfu.2020.v09.i01.p05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Tri Mulyani ◽

Cinta Ida Julianti ◽

Rikkit Sihombing

Keyword(s):

Toxicity Test ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

Testing Technique ◽

General Toxicity ◽

Bougainvillea Glabra ◽

Dark Pink

Toxicity testing of natural ingredients used in raw materials for making herbal medicines needs to be done to ensure its safety. In general, toxicity tests are divided into 2 types namely general toxicity and specific toxicity. One specific toxicity test is the teratogenic test. Teratogenic testing is part of a special toxicity test that is intended to determine the toxic effect of a compound on the fetus or fetus. The writing of this journal aims to explain the teratogenic toxicity testing technique by referring to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 414 and OECD 236 on herbal medicines. Some examples of herbs used for testing teratogenic toxicity as studied by Lu E. The et al. On Bougainvillea glabra (Paper Flower) with the results of a study of water extracts in purple and dark pink, B. glabra bract is not toxic to embryos, except the pink type with LC 50 85.51 ?g / mL. then there is Mindi leaf (Melia azedarach L) which was investigated by Adisti erlina sutomo et al with the results of extracting at a dose of 3.22 mg / kg bw already causing teratogenic toxicity. And there are still some herbs that are used for teratogenic toxicity testing with mixed results.

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Toxicity testing: ecological relevance and relative efficacy and costs of toxicity tests in the South African context

Water SA ◽

10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i2.8241 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (2 April) ◽

Author(s):

NJ Griffin ◽

WJ Muller ◽

AK Gordon

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Ecological Effect ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Test Kit ◽

Ecological Realism ◽

Culture Maintenance

The Direct Estimation of Ecological Effect Potential (DEEEP) is a suite of toxicological methods that was compiled to facilitate management of effluent discharges. DEEEP used a range of tests to assess different endpoints and test taxa from differing trophic levels. It was used at pilot scale but never adopted in South Africa formally. The use of toxicological testing in managing effluent discharge has been somewhat ad-hoc since. This study examined a range of tests for undertaking toxicological assessments of effluent from the perspectives of ecological realism, test tractability, and cost of testing. The assays assessed include some from DEEEP, some using South African test taxa, and some using commercial toxicity test kits. Results indicate that, in terms of returned endpoints, no clear difference between tests using immobilized and cultured or wild-collected test taxa was present. Culture maintenance was found to be a significant contributor to test costs where cultured test taxa were used (although culture costs are implicit in test kit costs too). Costing analysis looked at scenarios where equipment could be shared and reused, and how these contribute to laboratory costs. The research leads on to suggestions for testing implementation in laboratories while maximizing ecological realism and minimizing costs.

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Toxicity testing: ecological relevance and relative efficacy and costs of toxicity tests in the South African context

Water SA ◽

10.17159//wsa/2020.v46.i2.8241 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (2 April) ◽

Author(s):

NJ Griffin ◽

WJ Muller ◽

AK Gordon

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Ecological Effect ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Test Kit ◽

Ecological Realism ◽

Culture Maintenance

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Assessment of diclofenac LC50 reference values in juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/v10181-011-0081-0 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 545-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

E. Praskova ◽

E. Voslarova ◽

Z. Siroka ◽

L. Plhalova ◽

S. Macova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Reference Values ◽

Danio Rerio ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Juvenile Fish ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Toxicity Tests

Assessment of diclofenac LC50 reference values in juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) The aim of the study was to compare the acute toxicity of diclofenac to juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acute toxicity tests were performed on the aquarium fish Danio rerio, which is one of the model organisms most commonly used in toxicity testing. The tests were performed using a semi-static method according to OECD guideline No. 203 (Fish, acute toxicity test). Embryo toxicity tests were performed in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in compliance with OECD No. 212 methodology (Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages). The results were subjected to a probit analysis using the EKO-TOX 5.2 programme to determine 96hLC50 and 144hLC50 (median lethal concentration, 50% mortality after a 96 h or 144 h interval, respectively) values of diclofenac. The statistical significance of the difference between LC50 values in juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio was tested using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test implemented in the Unistat 5.1 programme. The LC50 mean value of diclofenac was 166.6 ± 9.8 mg/L in juvenile Danio rerio, and 6.11 ± 2.48 mg/L in embryonic stages of Danio rerio. The study demonstrated a statistically higher sensitivity to diclofenac (P<0.05) in embryonic stages compared to the juvenile fish.

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Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1998.006 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 95-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W.R. Bennett ◽

A.P. Farrell

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Juvenile Fish ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

White Sturgeon ◽

Acipenser Transmontanus ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Fraser River ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests ◽

Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

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Potential Use of the Benthic Foraminifers Bulimina denudata and Eggerelloides advenus in Marine Sediment Toxicity Testing

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060775 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 775

Author(s):

Mary McGann

Keyword(s):

Sea Urchin ◽

Marine Sediment ◽

Sediment Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Fertilization Success ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Sediment Chemistry ◽

Benthic Foraminifers ◽

Sediment Toxicity Tests ◽

Unionized Ammonia

The benthic foraminifers Bulimina denudata and Eggerelloides advenus are commonly abundant in offshore regions in the Pacific Ocean, especially in waste-discharge sites. The relationship between their abundance and standard macrofaunal sediment toxicity tests (amphipod survival and sea urchin fertilization) as well as sediment chemistry analyte measurements were determined for sediments collected in 1997 in Santa Monica Bay, California, USA, an area impacted by historical sewage input from the Hyperion Outfall primarily since the late 1950s. Very few surface samples proved to be contaminated based on either toxicity or chemistry tests and the abundance of B. denudata did not correlate with any of these. The abundance of E. advenus also did not correlate with toxicity, but positively correlated with total solids and negatively correlated with arsenic, beryllium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, iron, and TOC. In contrast, several downcore samples proved to be contaminated as indicated by both toxicity and chemistry data. The abundance of B.denudata positively correlated with amphipod survival and negatively correlated with arsenic, cadmium, unionized ammonia, and TOC; E. advenus negatively correlated with sea urchin fertilization success as well as beryllium, cadmium, and total PCBs. As B. denudata and E. advenus are tolerant of polluted sediments and their relative abundances appear to track those of macrofaunal toxicity tests, their use as cost- and time-effective marine sediment toxicity tests may have validity and should be further investigated.

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Study on the Safety of Mineral and Synthetic Oil Added Commonly Used Extreme Pressure Additives

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1386 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 430-432 ◽

pp. 1386-1389

Author(s):

Zhuo Jun Chen ◽

Long Long Feng ◽

Bao Liang Li ◽

Jin Jin Yue ◽

Ying Liang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Stimulation Test ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Base Oil ◽

Synthetic Oil ◽

Four Levels ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

This article use the Sulphide Isobutene (T321), Five Sufides Dialkyl(RC2540) and Star of Phosphorus(P110) as the additives,Neopentyl Polyol Ester(NPE) and mineral oil N32 as base oil. Compound above additives and base oil for the four levels. A sample: adding 4% T321 additive in NPE. B sample: adding 4% T321 additive in N32. C sample: adding 4% RC2540 additive in NPE. D sample: adding RC2540, T321 and P110 additives in NPE (all is mass fraction). The oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests were conducted in above samples. The test results show that. The mineral oil, it’s not only toxic then synthetic oil but also has a poor lubricating ability compare with the same percent additive in synthetic oil. In oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests, Toxic reaction of mineral N32+4%wt Sulphide Isobutene (T321) obviously from other oil samples.

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