Evaluation of pilot-scale oxidation of several PPCPs/EDCs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products/endocrine disrupting compounds) during drinking water ozonation treatment

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Author(s):  
Chaoyang Yue ◽  
Rajesh Seth ◽  
Shahram Tabe ◽  
Xiaoming Zhao ◽  
Chunyan Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Detroit River ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Several PPCPs/EDCs are being detected in surface drinking water sources, which is a great concern. The efficacy of ozonation in oxidizing 13 PPCPs/EDCs frequently detected in the Detroit River watershed was examined at pilot scale in the current study. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted at ozone dosages varying between 0.3 and 1.5 mg/L with the 13 PPCPs/ EDCs spiked in raw water obtained from the Detroit River. For 10 of the 13 PPCPs/EDCs with a high reaction rate with ozone (Group A), average oxidation efficiencies exceeded 95% for all ozone dosages at a contact time of 8.6 min. For chemicals with low to moderate reaction rate with molecular ozone (Group B), the observed oxidations were variable and ranged between 3 and 62% for ibuprofen and clorfibric acid and between 28 and >99% for bezafibrate under the same conditions. For the Group B chemicals, the oxidation increased with increasing ozone exposure and was significantly influenced by the quality of raw water.

Removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds through pilot- and full-scale riverbank filtration

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Benotti ◽  
Rengao Song ◽  
Doyle Wilson ◽  
Shane A. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Riverbank Filtration ◽  
Conservative Tracer ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Log Kow

Removal of a large suite of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) was measured through both pilot- and full-scale riverbank filtration (RBF) facilities. The pilot-scale RBF effectively reduced low ng/L concentrations of most compounds by greater than 90% following a 36-day experiment. Breakthrough of the conservative tracer occurred after 10 days and reached 90% recovery after 28 days. Only four compounds (diazepam, meprobamate, phenytoin and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)) were between 20 and 80% removed, and three compounds (atrazine, carbamazepine, and sulfamethoxazole) were less than 20% removed by the pilot. Removal of compounds through the pilot-scale RBF is consistent with results from two full-scale RBF systems: atrazine, carbamazepine, meprobamate, phenytoin and sulfamethoxazole persisted through infiltration into drinking water, whereas caffeine, DEET, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, iopromide, TCEP, triclosan and trimethoprim were removed. Removal during RBF was attributed to (1) microbial degradation for compounds which were either negatively charged or were neutrally charged and had low log KOW values (such as acetaminophen, caffeine, and trimethoprim), or (2) adsorption for neutrally-charged compounds with high log KOW values (including estradiol, estrone, ethynylestradiol, fluoxetine, oxybenzone, progesterone, testosterone, and triclosan).

The potential reproductive effects of exposure of domestic ruminants to endocrine disrupting compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Boerjan ◽  
S. Freijnagel ◽  
S.M. Rhind ◽  
G.A.L. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Contaminated Food

AbstractChemical compounds that mimic or block some of the actions of the steroid hormone oestradiol, have created public concern primarily because of potential adverse reproductive effects in wildlife and humans. Many studies, in vivo and in vitro, have revealed abnormal reproductive function following exposure to these compounds. The number of chemicals known to have the potential to modulate endocrine functions is increasing. In contrast to humans and wildlife, the potential reproductive effects of exposure of domestic animals to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) have been studied little. The aim of this overview is to evaluate the possible contribution of EDC to reproductive failure in domestic ruminants.Sources and classes of EDC are discussed as well as their structure and the modes of hormone disruption. Endocrine disrupting agents may interfere with the reproductive processes of both males and females at several points of the reproductive cycle and through a range of physiological mechanisms. Extrapolating from the results obtained with laboratory animals, the mechanisms whereby infertility in domestic ruminants might be expressed by exposure to EDC through contaminated food and drinking water are addressed.A preliminary risk assessment is included and it is concluded that under certain circumstances there may be a significantly enhanced intake of oestrogenic hormones and EDC through sewage-contaminated water or soil-contaminated herbage. The physiological consequences for domestic ruminants of EDC ingestion, at the rates estimated, are largely unknown. However, the levels of exposure to oestrogenic hormones and phthalates in grazing ruminants are such that when studying fertility problems in high-yielding dairy cattle the impacts of exposure to endocrine disruptors via the food and drinking water cannot be neglected.

scholarly journals The distributions, removals and estrogenic effects of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in two drinking water factories in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Chang Zhang ◽  
Ting Xu ◽  
Xia-lin Hu ◽  
Wei-hai Pang ◽  
Da-Qiang Yin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Estrogenic Effects ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

The distributions and effects of 31 selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in two drinking water factories were analyzed in this study. The distributions of EDCs were analyzed by solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of these EDCs were from lower than the LOD (limit of detection) to 23.13 ng L − 1 in the samples; most of them were lower than 1 ng L − 1. The highest concentration (23.13 ± 1.45 ng L − 1) was detected in the raw water. Twenty-six chemicals were found in the raw water and only five in the finished water of drinking water factory A, while 25 chemicals were detected in the raw water and two in the finished water of drinking water factory B. The results indicate that most of the EDCs can be removed by the water treatment process. In the advanced treatment process, the ozonation processes have the highest removal efficiency. Separate analyses in May and September show similar results. Apart from the chemical analysis, yeast strain transformed when the estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene was employed to test the estrogenic effects of the water samples. Due to the low concentrations of these EDCs, no significant estrogenic effects were found from the samples.

Detection and removal of estrogencity in membrane biological reactors

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Y. Hu ◽  
X. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fate And Behavior

Three pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) in a local wastewater treatment plant (K, M and Z) were studied with the objective to compare the performance of pre-denitrification MBR systems in eliminating the estrogenic activity of the effluent of primary clarifier. A total of 5 batches of samples, which included influent, effluent, supernatant and sludge from the respective aerobic and anoxic tanks were collected over the span. They were investigated by using the developed solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol coupled with a modified yeast-based estrogen screen (YES) assay. From the results, it could be seen that M MBR demonstrated the best endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) removal efficiency. The fate and behavior of EDCs in MBR systems were fairly understood with estrogenic activity formation dominating in the anoxic tank and removal dominating in the aerobic tank. It is believed that the sorption of EDCs onto the sludge as well as biodegradation of EDCs might be the key mechanisms for the EDCs removal. The low response of YES when dealing with influent samples was mainly due to the inhibition and antagonist effects induced by the influent samples on yeast cells.

scholarly journals Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment: implications for the drinking water industry and global environmental health

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Rahman ◽  
E. K. Yanful ◽  
S. Y. Jasim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Trace Concentrations ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a group of chemical compounds with diverse physical and chemical properties. Recent studies have indicated undesired effects of EDCs and PPCPs at their reported trace concentrations (ng l−1 to μg l−1). This paper reviews the current knowledge on the sources, properties, occurrence and health impacts of EDCs and PPCPs, and their removal from drinking water using ozonation and ozone/hydrogen peroxide-based advanced oxidation. The paper also examines the potential threats posed by these chemicals to drinking water and public health. While these compounds are known to have adverse effects on ecosystem health, notably in the fish population, a similar link is yet to be established between ingestion of these compounds through drinking water and human health. In addition, data on the effectiveness of existing methods for the removal of these compounds are not conclusive. Further studies are required to characterize risks, and also to evaluate and optimize existing removal processes. Also concerted international effort is urgent to cut down the risk of exposure and restrain the production and marketing of toxic chemicals.

scholarly journals Removal of oxidative stress and genotoxic activities during drinking water production by ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Yu ◽  
Elin Lavonen ◽  
Agneta Oskarsson ◽  
Johan Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Abstract Background Bioanalytical tools have been shown to be useful in drinking water quality assessments. Here, we applied a panel of in vitro bioassays to assess the treatment efficiency of two pilot-scale treatments: ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration at a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The pilot-scale systems were studied alongside a full-scale treatment process consisting of biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration, UV disinfection, and monochloramine dosing. Both systems were fed the same raw water treated with coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation and sand filtration. The endpoints studied were oxidative stress (Nrf2 activity), genotoxicity (micronuclei formations), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation, as well as estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) activity. Results Nrf2, AhR, and ER activities and genotoxic effects were detected in the incoming raw water and variability was observed between the sampling events. Compared to most of the samples taken from the full-scale treatment system, lower Nrf2, AhR, and ER bioactivities as well as genotoxicity were observed in all samples from the pilot-scale systems across all sampling events. The most pronounced treatment effect was a 12-fold reduction in Nrf2 activity and a sixfold decrease in micronuclei formations following ozonation alone. GAC filtration alone resulted in sevenfold and fivefold reductions in Nrf2 activity and genotoxicity, respectively, in the same sampling event. Higher bioactivities were detected in most samples from the full-scale system suggesting a lack of treatment effect. No androgenic nor anti-androgenic activities were observed in any sample across all sampling events. Conclusions Using effect-based methods, we have shown the presence of bioactive chemicals in the raw water used for drinking water production, including oxidative stress, AhR and ER activities as well as genotoxicity. The currently used treatment technologies were unable to fully remove the observed bioactivities. Ozonation and GAC filtration showed a high treatment efficiency and were able to consistently remove the bioactivities observed in the incoming water. This is important knowledge for the optimization of existing drinking water treatment designs and the utilization of alternative treatment technologies.

Influence of exercise and heat stress on pulmonary function during ozone exposure

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Folinsbee ◽  
S. M. Horvath ◽  
P. B. Raven ◽  
J. F. Bedi ◽  
A. R. Morton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Maximum Expiratory Flow ◽  
Group A ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Group B

We studied the effects of a 2-h exposure to ozone (0.5 ppm) in 14 nonsmoking males under four environmental conditions (WBGT (wet bulb-globe temperature index) = 64.4, 80.0, 85.2, and 92.0 degrees F). The subjects were divided into two groups, A (n = 8) and B (n = 6). Thirty minutes of exercise at 40% Vo2 max was performed from 60 to 90 min for group A and 30 to 60 min for group B. Pulmonary function changes, determined throughout exposure, were greatest immediately after exercise in both groups. Few changes occurred before the exercise period. However, the decrease in FVC (826 ml) and FEV1.0 (937 ml) following exercise was more than twice as large as the decrement seen at end exosure (388 and 423 ml, respectively). Measures of maximum expiratory flow (FEF 25–75%, FEF 50% FEF 75%) showed similar reductions. In many cases, reversal of these changes occurred during the remainder of the exposure period. The greatest decrease in FVC occurred when heat and ozone exposures were combined (WBGT = 92.0 degrees F). We conclude that the effects of ozone are most severe immediately after exercise and that heat stress may modify the overall effect of ozone on pulmonary function.

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