A comparative study of greywater from domestic and public buildings

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Santos ◽  
C. Matos ◽  
F. Taveira-Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Definition Of

Greywater (GW) can be an important resource for urban water consumption, replacing potable water for purposes that do not require drinking water quality. If applied on a large scale, this practice will reduce the potable water demand and the wastewater produced in urban areas, minimizing the negative impacts and costs of water extraction and wastewater treatment. A correct characterization of GW is important to assess its potential for a direct reuse or, if not possible, to make a correct definition of a feasible and cost-effective treatment system. This article aims to contribute to the characterization of GW produced in washbasins and showers in domestic and public buildings. A compilation of several works on GW collection and sampling produced by the authors is presented. Samples were taken from GW produced in showers and washbasins in households, changing rooms and in a restaurant. Results are compared with values presented in similar studies and compared with standards and guidelines published in different countries.

scholarly journals Chirping for Large-Scale Maritime Archaeological Survey: A Strategy Developed from a Practical Experience-Based Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Grøn ◽  
Lars Ole Boldreel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Mapping Strategy ◽  
Line Spacing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Subbottom Profiling

Archaeological wrecks exposed on the sea floor are mapped using side-scan and multibeam techniques, whereas the detection of submerged archaeological sites, such as Stone Age settlements, and wrecks, partially or wholly embedded in sea-floor sediments, requires the application of high-resolution subbottom profilers. This paper presents a strategy for cost-effective, large-scale mapping of previously undetected sediment-embedded sites and wrecks based on subbottom profiling with chirp systems. The mapping strategy described includes (a) definition of line spacing depending on the target; (b) interactive surveying, for example, immediate detailed investigation of potential archaeological anomalies on detection with a denser pattern of subbottom survey lines; (c) onboard interpretation during data acquisition; (d) recognition of nongeological anomalies. Consequently, this strategy differs from those employed in several detailed studies of known wreck sites and from the way in which geologists map the sea floor and the geological column beneath it. The strategy has been developed on the basis of extensive practical experience gained during the use of an off-the-shelf 2D chirp system and, given the present state of this technology, it appears well suited to large-scale maritime archaeological mapping.

scholarly journals Semantic discrimination of technicality in French nominalizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-119
Author(s):  
Marine Wauquier ◽  
Nabil Hathout ◽  
Cécile Fabre
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Distributional Analysis ◽  
Lexical Resources ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Semantic Distinction

Abstract French suffixations in -age, -ion and -ment are considered roughly equivalent, yet some differences have been pointed out regarding the semantics of the resulting nominalizations. In this study, we confirm the existence of a semantic distinction between them on the basis of a large scale distributional analysis. We show that the distinction is partially determined by the degree of technicality of the denoted action: -age nominals tend to be more technical than -ion ones. We examine this hypothesis through the statistical modeling of technicality. To this end, we propose a linguistic definition of technicality, which we implement using empirical, quantitative criteria estimated in corpora and lexical resources. We show to what extent the differences with respect to these criteria adequately approximate technicality. Our study indicates that this definition of technicality, while amendable, provides new perspectives for the characterization of action nouns.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Easy-to-Install, Low-Cost Dendrometer Band for Citizen-Science Tree Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Michael G Just ◽  
Steven D Frank
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Highly Correlated

AbstractTree-stem growth is an important metric for evaluating many ecological and silvicultural research questions. However, answering these questions may require monitoring growth on many individual trees that span changing environments and geographies, which can incur significant costs. Recently, citizen science has been successfully employed as a cost-effective approach to collect data for large-scale projects that also increases scientific awareness. Still, citizen-science-led tree-growth monitoring requires the use of tools that are affordable, understandable, and accurate. Here, we compare an inexpensive, easy-to-install dendrometer band to two other bands that are more expensive with more complex installations. We installed a series of three dendrometers on 31 red maples (Acer rubrum) in two urban areas in the eastern United States. We found that the stem-growth measurements reported by these dendrometers were highly correlated and, thus, validate the utility of the inexpensive band.

Numerical Simulation of Offshore Pipeline Installation by Lateral Deflection Procedure

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Machado Lawinscky da Silva ◽  
Rodrigo Almeida Bahiense ◽  
Breno Pinheriro Jacob ◽  
Fernando Gomes da Silva Torres ◽  
Antonio Roberto Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Lateral Deflection ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Definition Of

Conventional offshore pipeline installation operations in Brazil have been performed in an S-Lay procedure employing the BGL-1 barge, owned by Petrobras. However, this procedure has some limits, and may not be feasible in some particular scenarios. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present the numerical simulation of an alternative pipeline installation procedure. This procedure basically consists of performing the pipeline assembly on shore, and deflecting it to the sea using a tug boat. The numerical simulations employ the SITUA-Prosim computational tool, which is able to incorporate the correct definition of the seabed and shore from bathymetric curves. An actual pipeline installation by this lateral deflection procedure is analyzed and discussed. The characterization of the procedure passes through the determination of the better velocity and direction of the tug boat in order to minimize the efforts on the pipeline (especially due to the curvatures).

scholarly journals Functional characterization of 3D protein structures informed by human genetic diversity

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (18) ◽  
pp. 8960-8965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hicks ◽  
Istvan Bartha ◽  
Julia di Iulio ◽  
J. Craig Venter ◽  
Amalio Telenti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Allosteric Sites ◽  
Missense Variation ◽  
Binding Pockets ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scale Data

Sequence variation data of the human proteome can be used to analyze 3D protein structures to derive functional insights. We used genetic variant data from nearly 140,000 individuals to analyze 3D positional conservation in 4,715 proteins and 3,951 homology models using 860,292 missense and 465,886 synonymous variants. Sixty percent of protein structures harbor at least one intolerant 3D site as defined by significant depletion of observed over expected missense variation. Structural intolerance data correlated with deep mutational scanning functional readouts for PPARG, MAPK1/ERK2, UBE2I, SUMO1, PTEN, CALM1, CALM2, and TPK1 and with shallow mutagenesis data for 1,026 proteins. The 3D structural intolerance analysis revealed different features for ligand binding pockets and orthosteric and allosteric sites. Large-scale data on human genetic variation support a definition of functional 3D sites proteome-wide.

scholarly journals Fine-Grained Large-Scale Vulnerable Communities Mapping via Satellite Imagery and Population Census Using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3603
Author(s):  
Joaquín Salas ◽  
Pablo Vera ◽  
Marivel Zea-Ortiz ◽  
Elio-Atenogenes Villaseñor ◽  
Dagoberto Pulido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Landsat 7 ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Definition Of

One of the challenges in the fight against poverty is the precise localization and assessment of vulnerable communities’ sprawl. The characterization of vulnerability is traditionally accomplished using nationwide census exercises, a burdensome process that requires field visits by trained personnel. Unfortunately, most countrywide censuses exercises are conducted only sporadically, making it difficult to track the short-term effect of policies to reduce poverty. This paper introduces a definition of vulnerability following UN-Habitat criteria, assesses different CNN machine learning architectures, and establishes a mapping between satellite images and survey data. Starting with the information corresponding to the 2,178,508 residential blocks recorded in the 2010 Mexican census and multispectral Landsat-7 images, multiple CNN architectures are explored. The best performance is obtained with EfficientNet-B3 achieving an area under the ROC and Precision-Recall curves of 0.9421 and 0.9457, respectively. This article shows that publicly available information, in the form of census data and satellite images, along with standard CNN architectures, may be employed as a stepping stone for the countrywide characterization of vulnerability at the residential block level.

scholarly journals GENERAL ISSUES OF FORENSIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MONEY LAUNDERING

2021 ◽  
pp. 380-397
Author(s):  
M. Dumchykov ◽  
O. Bondarenko ◽  
M. Utkina
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Constituent Elements

The purpose of the article is to analyze approaches to the formation of the essence and constituent elements of the forensic characteristics of the legalization of corruption proceeds (Article 209 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), to highlight and describe the elements of the forensic characteristics of this criminal offense. Forensic characteristics play a special role in the very structure of the methodology for investigating a criminal offense of this type. A successful and comprehensive study of the circumstances of a criminal offense largely depends not only on the correct definition of the criminal-legal signs of an act, but also on the investigator’s understanding of the criminalistics nature of the corresponding offense. The analysis of publications indicates the presence of a number of disagreements between the authors in the construction of the forensic characteristics of the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime. Comparison of the existing doctrinal approaches to understanding the structural elements of the forensic characteristics of the legalization of funds obtained by criminal means, made it possible to form the author’s approach. According to the authors of the article, the forensic characteristics of the legalization (laundering) of incomes obtained as a result of the commission of a criminal offense should include both basic and additional elements. The main elements of the forensic characteristics of legalization are proposed to include the following: typical traces of a criminal offense; its subject; the way of committing such an offense. Additional, according to the authors of the article, it is advisable to include the following: the subject of a criminal offense; the time of its commission; the area in which the offense is committed; the environment of the criminal offense; source of origin of “dirty money”. The proposed elements of the forensic characteristics of a criminal offense can be the starting point in the development of an effective methodology for investigating money laundering.

Mutational signatures and heterogeneous host response revealed via large-scale characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Graudenzi ◽  
Davide Maspero ◽  
Fabrizio Angaroni ◽  
Rocco Piazza ◽  
Daniele Ramazzotti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Mutational Signatures ◽  
Mutational Hotspots ◽  
Scale Characterization ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mutational Processes

AbstractTo dissect the mechanisms underlying the inflation of variants in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, we present one of the largest up-to-date analyses of intra-host genomic diversity, which reveals that most samples present heterogeneous genomic architectures, due to the interplay between host-related mutational processes and transmission dynamics.The deconvolution of the set of intra-host minor variants unveils the existence of non overlapping mutational signatures related to specific nucleotide substitutions, which prove that distinct hosts respond differently to SARS-CoV-2 infections, and which are likely ruled by APOBEC, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and ADAR.Thanks to a corrected-for-signatures dN/dS analysis we demonstrate that the mutational processes underlying such signatures are affected by purifying selection, with important exceptions. In fact, several mutations linked to low-rate mutational processes appear to transit to clonality in the population, eventually leading to the definition of new clonal genotypes and to a statistically significant increase of overall genomic diversity.Importantly, the analysis of the phylogenetic model shows the presence of multiple homoplasies, due to mutational hotspots, phantom mutations or positive selection, and supports the hypothesis of transmission of minor variants during infections. Overall, the results of this study pave the way for the integrated characterization of intra-host genomic diversity and clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 hosts.

scholarly journals Robust Detection, Classification and Localization of Defects in Large Photovoltaic Plants Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Infrared Thermography

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Fernández ◽  
Rubén Usamentiaga ◽  
Pedro de Arquer ◽  
Miguel Ángel Fernández ◽  
D. Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Robust Detection ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Pv Modules

The efficiency and profitability of photovoltaic (PV) plants are highly controlled by their operation and maintenance (O&M) procedures. Today, the effective diagnosis of any possible fault of PV plants remains a technical and economic challenge, especially when dealing with large-scale PV plants. Currently, PV plant monitoring is carried out by either electrical performance measurements or image processing. The first approach presents limited fault detection ability, it is costly and time-consuming, and it is incapable of fast identification of the physical location of the fault. In the second approach, Infrared Thermography (IRT) imaging has been used for the characterization of PV module failures, but their setup and processing are rather complex and an experienced technician is required. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for IRT imaging of PV plants for health status monitoring of PV modules has been identified as a cost-effective approach that offers 10–-15 fold lower inspection times than conventional techniques. However, previous works have not performed a comprehensive approach in the context of automated UAV inspection using IRT. This work provides a fully automated approach for the: (a) detection, (b) classification, and (c) geopositioning of the thermal defects in the PV modules. The system has been tested on a real PV plant in Spain. The obtained results indicate that an autonomous solution can be implemented for a full characterization of the thermal defects.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Levofloxacin in Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adult Bangladeshi Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
SM Rokonuzzaman ◽  
Mohammad Hyder Ali ◽  
Soheli Parvin ◽  
Deb Prasad ◽  
Md Enayet Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Population Total ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bangladeshi Population ◽  
Injectable Form ◽  
Significant Mortality

Community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition with a significant mortality. Levofloxacin is recommended for the empiric management of CAP in inpatienst and outpatients. The present study conducted to find out the effectiveness of Levofloxacin in CAP among Bangladeshi Population. Total 50 Patients aged more than 18 years, diagnosed pneumonia based upon clinical features of respiratory tract infection and rediological changes, were included in this study. The study consists of four visits: first one for screening and enrollment. Second visit on day 2-4 during which patient on therapy, third visit 5-7 day after the last dose of the drug and fourth visit 28days after the last dose of the drug. The mean # SD of age of the respondents was 34.3# 19.1 years with a range of 18-100 years. Among the respondents 62.0% were male and 38.0% were female. Most of the respondents presented with fever (98.0%) and cough (100.0%) and chest pain was present in 66.0% cases. Ninety six percent respondents presented with productive cough and only 4.0% respondents with dry cough. Consolidation in left lower zone was the most common findings (32.0%) followed by consolidation in right mild zone (30.0%). Among the respondents 32.0% were treated with oral form and 68.0% were treated with injectable form of levofloxacin. About 92.0% were improved with the treatment. Levofloxacin monotherapy is well tolerated, cost-effective treatment for patients with CAP. Further large scale multi- centered study will help to strengthen this outcomeMedicine Today 2015 Vol.27(2): 9-13

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