Reclaimed water for the Tarragona petrochemical park

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sanz ◽  
J. Suescun ◽  
J. Molist ◽  
F. Rubio ◽  
R. Mujeriego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Start Up

The Camp de Tarragona Water Reuse Project is an emblematic example of how regional water scarcity can be overcome by considering reclaimed secondary effluent, which would otherwise be disposed of in the Mediterranean Sea, as an essential component of integrated water resources management. An advanced water reclamation plant (AWRP) was completed in 2011 to reclaim municipal secondary effluent from Tarragona and Vilaseca-Salou wastewater treatment plants. The reclaimed effluent is used for cooling and process water at the nearby Tarragona petrochemical park. The AWRP's current (2014) capacity is 19,000 m3/d (Phase I), and further expansions are planned to produce 29,000 m3/d (Phase II) and 55,000 m3/d (Phase III) in coming years. This locally available additional water supply will replace surface water supplies currently transferred from the Ebro River for use at the petrochemical park; as a result, an equivalent volume of surface water will be available for urban water supply in the coastal areas of Tarragona province. By developing this new and locally available water supply source, industrial growth in a water scarce region has been supported, while promoting local industry's sustainability. This industrial water reuse project provided 0.20 hm3 of water from September to December 2012, its first operational year, and 1.37 hm3 in 2013. The paper presents and discusses the planning, design, construction and operation phases of this water reclamation and reuse project, including start-up and commissioning, facilities preservation protocols from construction completion to servicing start-up, and the operational, management and economic arrangements adopted to provide a reliable source of reclaimed water for cooling water systems and demineralized water for boiler feed at the Tarragona petrochemical park and a nearby cogeneration power plant.

Chihuahua: a water reuse case in the desert

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-S. Espino ◽  
C.-J. Navarro ◽  
J.-M. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Groundwater Aquifers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
The City

Water supply for all kind of uses in Chihuahua is mainly groundwater. During the last decade this city has been damaged with a heavy hydrologic crisis because of a persistent drought. This came up with the overexploitation of groundwater aquifers; therefore a deficit between demand and offer was done. To minimize this problem the government authorities have started an integral plan of optimizing hydrologic resources which considers the treatment of wastewater and the use of reclaimed water. The secondary wastewater treatment facility of the city treats about 30,000 m3/d of a wastewater with high organic contents, and produces an effluent with low concentration of suspended solids, organic matter, fats, detergents, and metals. Reclaimed water is conveyed toward strategic sites for the irrigation of great green areas in sport clubs, educational institutions and industrial zones, besides of its utilization on some manufacturing processes, road service, and also over construction industry. The potential reuse of this water goes farther from those activities; the treatment of the secondary effluent until the required levels of the water-bearing recharge criteria are met for drinking water supply is considered as the next step to achieve through a suitable planning strategy for the best integral resource advantage.

Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Dependable Water

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management. In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.

A retrospective assessment of water reclamation projects

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Mills ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Control Board ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
State Water ◽  
Local Water

Stimulated by droughts and inability to construct new freshwater projects, water suppliers in California, U.S.A. have taken a heightened interest in water reclamation in the last decade. Since 1980 the California State Water Resources Control Board has approved financial assistance to local water supply agencies to design and construct water reclamation facilities. Nineteen of these are now operating. There is an opportunity to assess how well projects are performing in relation to their planned objectives, in particular, deliveries of reclaimed water to users. Based on reports on many of these projects, it is found that two-thirds of the projects are delivering 75 percent or less of the expected amounts of water. Data are provided on project performance. A discussion is provided of the problems encountered on many of the projects that account for these deficiencies in yields and have caused other problems in implementation.

Water reclamation and reuse criteria in the U.S.

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Crook ◽  
Rao Y. Surampalli
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

Increasing demands on water resources for domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural purposes have made water reclamation and reuse an attractive option for conserving and extending available water supplies. Also, many water reuse projects are implemented to eliminate a source of contamination in surface waters or as a least-cost alternative to meeting stringent discharge requirements. Reclaimed water applications range from pasture irrigation to augmentation of potable water supplies. Water reclamation and reuse criteria are principally directed at health protection. There are no federal regulations governing water reuse in the U.S.; hence, the regulatory burden rests with the individual states. This has resulted in differing standards among states that have developed criteria. This paper summarizes and compares the criteria from some states that have developed comprehensive regulations. Guidelines published by the US. EPA and the rationale behind them are presented for numerous types of reclaimed water applications.

GAC Adsorption of Ozonated Secondary Textile Effluents for Industrial Water Reuse

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Bergna ◽  
Roberto Bianchi ◽  
Francesca Malpei
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Colour Removal ◽  
Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Textile Finishing

The paper presents the results obtained at laboratory, pilot and demonstrative scale with granular activated carbon adsorption as a mean to obtain effluent suitable as water supply for textile finishing industries, that require very stringent limits in terms of COD and colour removal. Laboratory scale tests evidenced that the specific carbon adsorption capacity, both for COD and colour, is highest for a sand-filtered + clariflocculated effluent and lowest for the sand-filtered + ozonated secondary effluent. Pilot and demonstrative scale tests were performed on three filters (0.3, 0.3 and 20 m3 of GAC each) fed with the full scale ozonated secondary effluent.

Characterization of bacterial isolates from water reclamation systems on the basis of substrate utilization patterns and regrowth potential in reclaimed water

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1556-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parinda Thayanukul ◽  
Futoshi Kurisu ◽  
Ikuro Kasuga ◽  
Hiroaki Furumai
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Utilization Patterns ◽  
Microbial Regrowth ◽  
Similar Growth

Microbial regrowth causes problems during water reuse. Comprehensive understanding of the microorganisms that can regrow in reclaimed water and their substrate requirements are necessary. In this study, potential regrowth organisms were isolated from seven water reclamation plants in Japan. Based on 16S rDNA analysis, the isolates were grouped into 34 operational taxonomic units, belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Substrate utilization profiling using Biolog microplate™ classified the isolates into four groups. Bacteria in Cluster 1 (e.g., Methylobacterium sp. and Acinetobacter sp.) mainly utilized polymers, esters, amides, and alcohol. Isolates in Cluster 2 (e.g., Flavobacterium sp. and Microbacterium sp.) preferred to utilize polymers, carbohydrates, and esters. Isolates in Cluster 3 (e.g., Pseudomonas sp. and Acidovorax sp.) mainly utilized esters, carboxylic acids, and amino acids. Isolates in Cluster 4 (e.g., Enterobacter sp. and Rhodococcus sp.) utilized carbohydrates, esters, and amino acids. All isolates grew in reclaimed water treated by sand filtration, whereas some isolates could not grow in reclaimed water treated by coagulation and ozonation. Most bacteria in the same Biolog clusters exhibited similar growth characteristics in water samples. The potential of bacteria to regrow in reclaimed water likely depended on substrate requirement.

Prospects, problems and pitfalls of urban water reuse: a case study

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Hermanowicz ◽  
E. Sanchez Diaz ◽  
J. Coe
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Local Water

This paper presents a successful water reclamation and reuse project in the San Francisco Bay area. The project, which includes a water reclamation facility and a separate distribution system, is operated by a wastewater utility and reclaims approximately 4% of its dry-weather flow. Project history, its design and implementation are further discussed. Planning, and especially demand analysis, was critical for project development. Earlier attempts of water reuse were not successful because reclaimed water quality did not match the requirements of potential large industrial customers. Current customers are a mix of public, commercial and residential users who apply the reclaimed water solely for landscape irrigation. In addition, a large fraction of the reclaimed water is used internally in the main wastewater treatment plant. Early connection of largest customers, innovative collaboration with a neighboring reclamation project and cooperation of the local water supplier were very important for project success. Distribution of internal process water consumes most energy. The second major energy use is for the treatment of reclaimed water while distribution of reclaimed water to external customers requires least energy.

scholarly journals Water reuse system in Xi'an Municipality of China

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Xiaochang Wang ◽  
Yanzheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Central City ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Reuse System

A water reuse system was formulated for the Xi'an International Metropolitan Urban Planning Project, with the aim of mitigating water stress in the central city of Xi'an, China in 2020. The main reuse purposes of the reclaimed water were agriculture, industry, municipal, ecological, and indoor uses. A wastewater reuse potential capacity of 427.2 × 106 m3/yr was deduced by analyzing the water demand for the different reuse purposes. This reuse capacity makes significant contribution to increasing the total urban water supply capacity and mitigating the water shortage problems imposed by the process of urbanization. A supply scheme for the reclaimed water was configured, which comprised the reclaimed water sources, water supply service areas, and the main reuse purposes. As a result, a wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-centered reclaimed water supply system was formed, and the main reuse purposes of the 15 WWTPs and their service districts were defined. Through an economic analysis, the feasibility and benefits of the water reuse system were ascertained. Overall, this study provided the theoretical basis and implementation strategies for a system configuration of water reuse in Xi'an City and also contributed to solving the water-deficiency problems associated with the rapidly developing urban areas in China.

Design of the Reclaimed Water Reuse Project for Recirculating Cooling Water in a Thermal Power Plant

2014 ◽  
Vol 507 ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Cong Pang ◽  
Can Can Zhang ◽  
Tai Zhong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power Plant ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Treated Water

The paper introduced the design parameters of a reclaimed water island engineering in a power plant. The total processing scale was 3.84×104m3/d. The raw water source of this project was the further treated wastewater from municipal treatment plant. The combination of BAF-Lime Conglomeration and Clarification-Filtration was employed in the design for advanced treatment. The operation results showed that the quality of treated water with this process in the reclaimed water island could satisfy the design requirement and the treated water was reused as recirculating cooling water in a thermal power plant.

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