State of well-water quality in Kakua Chiefdom, Sierra Leone

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1243-1254
Author(s):  
John P. Kaisam ◽  
Yahaya K. Kawa ◽  
Juana P. Moiwo ◽  
Umu Lamboi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Industrial Sectors

Water is the difference between living and non-living and water for drinking should be pollutant free. Thus, in supplies for urban and rural consumption, water quality is one of the most critical parameters to verify. Well and/or open-water systems are easily liable to anthropogenic contaminations, the source of most water-borne epidemics especially in developing countries like Sierra Leone. This study analyses 10 representative well-water systems for 18 water quality parameters in Kakua Chiefdom of Bo District, Sierra Leone. The study notes that well-water quality parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, electrical conductivity, coliform and nitrate (NO3−) are fairly high above safe drinking water standard. The incidence of coliform in the well waters is highest in April and that of iron (Fe2+) and nitrate is highest in May. The Dipha Street well is amongst the most contaminated and has the highest scores for TDS, non-faecal coliform and fluoride (F−). Correlation analysis shows an interesting bond among the water quality parameters, ranging from strongly positive (R = 1.0) to strongly negative (R = −1.0). Fe2+ is strongly positively correlated with most of the well-water quality parameters. Irrespectively, the use of contaminated water in domestic and/or agro-industrial sectors could pose various health risks and epidemic outbreaks of different intensities.

Investigation of Some Water Quality Parameters of Pond Water under Mymensingh Municipality

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
F Zannat ◽  
MA Ali ◽  
MA Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Drinking Water Standard

A study was conducted to evaluate the water quality parameters of pond water at Mymensingh Urban region. The water samples were collected from 30 ponds located at Mymensingh Urban Region during August to October 2010. The chemical analyses of water samples included pH, EC, Na, K, Ca, S, Mn and As were done by standard methods. The chemical properties in pond water were found pH 6.68 to 7.14, EC 227 to 700 ?Scm-1, Na 15.57 to 36.00 ppm, K 3.83 to 16.16 ppm, Ca 2.01 to 7.29 ppm, S 1.61 to 4.67 ppm, Mn 0.33 to 0.684 ppm and As 0.0011 to 0.0059 ppm. The pH values of water samples revealed that water samples were acidic to slightly alkaline in nature. The EC value revealed that water samples were medium salinity except one sample and also good for irrigation. According to drinking water standard Mn toxicity was detected in pond water. Considering Na, Ca and S ions pond water was safe for irrigation and aquaculture. In case of K ion, all the samples were suitable for irrigation but unsuitable for aquaculture.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 85-89 2015

scholarly journals Water Quality as a Predictor of Legionella Positivity of Building Water Systems

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pierre ◽  
Julianne L. Baron ◽  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Frank P. Sidari ◽  
Marilyn M. Wagener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Distal Site

Testing drinking water systems for the presence of Legionella colonization is a proactive approach to assess and reduce the risk of Legionnaires’ disease. Previous studies suggest that there may be a link between Legionella positivity in the hot water return line or certain water quality parameters (temperature, free chlorine residual, etc.) with distal site Legionella positivity. It has been suggested that these measurements could be used as a surrogate for testing for Legionella in building water systems. We evaluated the relationship between hot water return line Legionella positivity and other water quality parameters and Legionella colonization in premise plumbing systems by testing 269 samples from domestic cold and hot water samples in 28 buildings. The hot water return line Legionella positivity and distal site positivity only demonstrated a 77.8% concordance rate. Hot water return line Legionella positivity compared to distal site positivity had a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 96%. There was poor correlation and a low positive predictive value between the hot water return line and distal outlet positivity. There was no correlation between Legionella distal site positivity and total bacteria (heterotrophic plate count), pH, free chlorine, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper, temperature, total organic carbon, or incoming cold-water chlorine concentration. These findings suggest that hot water return line Legionella positivity and other water quality parameters are not predictive of distal site positivity and should not be used alone to determine the building’s Legionella colonization rate and effectiveness of water management programs.

scholarly journals Legionella: A Promising Supplementary Indicator of Microbial Drinking Water Quality in Municipal Engineered Water Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiqian Zhang ◽  
Jingrang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variations ◽  
Hydraulic Residence Time

Opportunistic pathogens (OPs) are natural inhabitants and the predominant disease causative biotic agents in municipal engineered water systems (EWSs). In EWSs, OPs occur at high frequencies and concentrations, cause drinking-water-related disease outbreaks, and are a major factor threatening public health. Therefore, the prevalence of OPs in EWSs represents microbial drinking water quality. Closely or routinely monitoring the dynamics of OPs in municipal EWSs is thus critical to ensuring drinking water quality and protecting public health. Monitoring the dynamics of conventional (fecal) indicators (e.g., total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli) is the customary or even exclusive means of assessing microbial drinking water quality. However, those indicators infer only fecal contamination due to treatment (e.g., disinfection within water utilities) failure and EWS infrastructure issues (e.g., water main breaks and infiltration), whereas OPs are not contaminants in drinking water. In addition, those indicators appear in EWSs at low concentrations (often absent in well-maintained EWSs) and are uncorrelated with OPs. For instance, conventional indicators decay, while OPs regrow with increasing hydraulic residence time. As a result, conventional indicators are poor indicators of OPs (the major aspect of microbial drinking water quality) in EWSs. An additional or supplementary indicator that can well infer the prevalence of OPs in EWSs is highly needed. This systematic review argues that Legionella as a dominant OP-containing genus and natural inhabitant in EWSs is a promising candidate for such a supplementary indicator. Through comprehensively comparing the behavior (i.e., occurrence, growth and regrowth, spatiotemporal variations in concentrations, resistance to disinfectant residuals, and responses to physicochemical water quality parameters) of major OPs (e.g., Legionella especially L. pneumophila, Mycobacterium, and Pseudomonas especially P. aeruginosa), this review proves that Legionella is a promising supplementary indicator for the prevalence of OPs in EWSs while other OPs lack this indication feature. Legionella as a dominant natural inhabitant in EWSs occurs frequently, has a high concentration, and correlates with more microbial and physicochemical water quality parameters than other common OPs. Legionella and OPs in EWSs share multiple key features such as high disinfectant resistance, biofilm formation, proliferation within amoebae, and significant spatiotemporal variations in concentrations. Therefore, the presence and concentration of Legionella well indicate the presence and concentrations of OPs (especially L. pneumophila) and microbial drinking water quality in EWSs. In addition, Legionella concentration indicates the efficacies of disinfectant residuals in EWSs. Furthermore, with the development of modern Legionella quantification methods (especially quantitative polymerase chain reactions), monitoring Legionella in ESWs is becoming easier, more affordable, and less labor-intensive. Those features make Legionella a proper supplementary indicator for microbial drinking water quality (especially the prevalence of OPs) in EWSs. Water authorities may use Legionella and conventional indicators in combination to more comprehensively assess microbial drinking water quality in municipal EWSs. Future work should further explore the indication role of Legionella in EWSs and propose drinking water Legionella concentration limits that indicate serious public health effects and require enhanced treatment (e.g., booster disinfection).

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of water quality parameters, clinical and histological observation of some small endangered open water fishes from Mymensingh and Sylhet region

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Md Mamunur Rahman ◽  
Gias Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Md Tawhid Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Histological Observation ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
Sylhet Region ◽  
Surma River

Seasonal variation of water quality parameters and health condition of some small endangered open water fishes are Baila (Glossogobius giuris), Gutum (Lepidocephalichthys guntea) and Tara baim (Macrognathus aculeatus) was carried out through clinical and histological observation from Kailla beel of Ishargonj upazila, Mymensingh and Surma river, Gobindogonj upazila, Sunamgonj district, Sylhet region for a period of eight months from September 2014 to April 2015. Water quality parameters like water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, alkalinity, hardness, and nitrate were recorded. Water temperature, pH, alkalinity and hardness were found at unfavorable level for fish in mid November and January. Clinical examinations of the fish were carried out at monthly intervals and any kind of abnormalities were recorded. Clinically it was observed that, fish was affected with fin and tail rot, gill rot, parasitic infestation, nutritional deformities, numerous red spots and patches in lateral and ventral regions, large deep whitish ulcers reached up to deep ulcers especially in December and January in both region. Samples of skin, muscle, gill, liver and kidney were collected and processed for histological observations. Major pathology in the skin and muscle were epidermis separated from dermis, presence of fungal granuloma, vacuums, hemorrhage and necrosis. Loss of primary and secondary gill lamellae, hypertrophy and primary gill lamellae separated, necrosis and hemorrhage were found in the gill. Large vacuums, necrosis and hemorrhage were observed in liver and kidney. Among the affected fish organs skin and muscle, gills were more affected than the internal organs like liver and kidney. Overall, clinical and histological observations of fishes were found to be more affected in December and January. Whereas, in the months of mid February to April, the pathological condition of fish gradually healed up to normal except few vacuums and hemorrhage. Under histopathological observations, fishes of Kailla beel were more affected than the fishes of surma river. In clinical and histopathological observation open water fishes were more susceptible due to EUS.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(1): 95-102

scholarly journals In-Situ Water Quality Observations under a Large-Scale Floating Solar Farm Using Sensors and Underwater Drones

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6421
Author(s):  
Rui L. Pedroso de Lima ◽  
Katerina Paxinou ◽  
Floris C. Boogaard ◽  
Olof Akkerman ◽  
Fen-Yu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water System ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Floating Structure

The rapid implementation of large scale floating solar panels has consequences to water quality and local ecosystems. Environmental impacts depend on the dimensions, design and proportions of the system in relation to the size of the surface water, as well as the characteristics of the water system (currents, tidal effects) and climatic conditions. There is often no time (and budget) for thorough research into these effects on ecology and water quality. A few studies have addressed the potential impacts of floating solar panels, but often rely on models without validation with in situ data. In this work, water quality sensors continuously monitored key water quality parameters at two different locations: (i) underneath a floating solar park; (ii) at a reference location positioned in open water. An underwater drone was used to obtain vertical profiles of water quality and to collect underwater images. The results showed little differences in the measured key water quality parameters below the solar panels. The temperature at the upper layers of water was lower under the solar panels, and there were less detected temperature fluctuations. A biofouling layer on the floating structure was visible in the underwater images a few months after the construction of the park.

scholarly journals Negative Effect of High pH on Biocidal Efficacy of Copper and Silver Ions in Controlling Legionella pneumophila

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2711-2715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-sen E. Lin ◽  
Radisav D. Vidic ◽  
Janet E. Stout ◽  
Victor L. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Copper-silver (Cu-Ag) ionization has effectively controlled Legionella spp. in the hot water systems of numerous hospitals. However, it was ineffective at controlling Legionella in one Ohio hospital despite the confirmation of adequate total concentrations of copper and silver ions. The pH of the water at this hospital was found to be 8.5 to 9.0. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of pH and other water quality parameters, including alkalinity (HCO3 −), hardness (Ca2+ and Mg2+), and amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), on the control of Legionella by Cu-Ag ionization. Initial concentrations of Legionella and copper and silver ions used in batch experiments were 3 × 106 CFU/ml and 0.4 and 0.08 mg/liter, respectively. Changes in bicarbonate ion concentration (50, 100, and 150 mg/liter), water hardness (Ca2+ at 50 and 100 mg/liter; Mg2+ at 40 and 80 mg/liter), and level of DOC (0.5 and 2 mg/liter) had no significant impact on the efficacy of copper and silver ions in killing Legionella at a neutral pH. When the pH was elevated to 9 in these experiments, copper ions achieved only a 10-fold reduction in the number of Legionella organisms in 24 h, compared to a millionfold decrease at pH 7.0. Silver ions were able to achieve a millionfold reduction in 24 h at all ranges of water quality parameters tested. Precipitation of insoluble copper complexes was observed at a pH above 6.0. These results suggest that pH may be an important factor in the efficacy of copper-silver ionization in controlling Legionella in water systems.

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