Sludge-Amended Brick Production: Applicability for Metal-Laden Residues

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Alleman ◽  
E. H. Bryan ◽  
T. A. Stumm ◽  
W. W. Marlow ◽  
R. C. Hocevar
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Metal Release ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Hazardous Metal ◽  
The Given

This paper will examine the general concept of using sludge during brick manufacture, and will specifically address the fate of metals contained within the employed sludge relative to the vitrification process. Overall, it appears that most metals will be trapped within sludge-adulterated brick, both during firing and weathering. This behavior appears related to a silicate-based physico-chemical containment mechanism. Volatilization of metal during firing was observed in the case of selenium, and in this instance only for specimens spiked with elevated metals levels (i.e. 1000 ppm Se). Simulated weathering in pH=2.5 and pH=5.0 acetic acid resulted in nominal leachate losses beyond the U.S. EPA extraction procedure limits for arsenic, selenium, and cadmium. Here again, though, these marginally elevated losses were only observed for those bricksspiked with extremely high metals levels (i.e. 1000 ppm, or higher). Overall, the research findings presented by this paper suggest that standard municipal sludges laden with “normal” metal levels could be satisfactorily incorporated within a brick manufacturing process with little concern regarding metal release. As for hazardous metal-laden sludges, brick manufacture may comprise a similarly acceptable sludge management option; however, this latter strategy would likely warrant additional site-specific investigation prior to implementation (i.e. relative to the given metal species, concentrations, metal release characteristics, etc).

Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry: Applications and Recent Trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Maria Merone ◽  
Angela Tartaglia ◽  
Enrica Rosato ◽  
Cristian D’Ovidio ◽  
Abuzar Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Background: Ionic liquids (ILs) are a unique class of compounds consisting exclusively of cations and anions that possess distinctive properties such as low volatility, high thermal stability, miscibility with water and organic solvents, electrolytic conductivity and non-flammability. Ionic liquids have been defined as "design solvents", because it is possible to modify their physical and chemical properties by appropriately choosing cations and anions, in order to meet the specific characteristics based on their potential application. Introduction: Due of their tunable nature and properties, ILs are considered as the perfect candidates for numerous applications in analytical chemistry including sample preparation, stationary phases in liquid or gas chromatography, additives in capillary electrophoresis, or in mass spectrometry for spectral and electrochemical analysis. In the last years, the number of publications regarding ILs has rapidly increased, highlighting the broad applications of these compounds in various fields of analytical chemistry. Results: This review first described the main physico-chemical characteristics of ionic liquids, and subsequently reported the various applications in different subdisciplines of analytical chemistry, including the extraction procedure and separation techniques. Furthermore, in each paragraph the most recent applications of ionic liquids in the food, environmental, biological, etc. fields have been described. Conclusion: Overall, the topic discussed highlights the key role of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry, giving hints for their future applications in chemistry but also in biology and medicine.

scholarly journals Trace Metal Levels in Vehicle Air and Pollen Filter Dusts by the BCR Extraction Procedure

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Altundağ ◽  
Mustafa Şahin Dündar ◽  
Can Serkan Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Air Filters ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The availability of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe and Zn of dust from vehicle air and pollen filters were investigated by four-step BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, residual extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results indicated that both of air and pollen filter dusts contained higher concentration of Fe. To estimate the accuracy of the method the standard reference material BCR 701 was used. The results for recovery all the elements were found in the range 95.4-101.3%. The mean concentrations [μg/g] of trace elements in dusts from air filters/pollen filters were: cadmium 16.72/17.56; cobalt 24.22/23.72; chromium 46.02/55.44; copper 44.92/37.67; iron 1868.03/1854.92; manganese 231.2/213.64; nickel 38.89/45.27; lead 60.99/67.17; zinc 199.58/201.25. The results obtained are in agreement with data reported in the literature.

scholarly journals Te Pikinga O Tōku Tuakiri: The ascent of self-identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ariana Pia
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Concept ◽  
General Context ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Interior Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Given

<p>This research questions whether considering Māori concepts of architecture and space within the design of New Zealand prisons can help in the rehabilitation process of inmates of Māori descent.   First, the general concept of prison architecture will be researched. The panopticon as a general diagram as well as specific case studies will frame an understanding of the characteristics of prison architecture in the western sphere. A specific attention to interior architecture will be established.  Second, the link between cultural experience and rehabilitation will be distinguished primarily through analysis of Māori Focus Units.  Third, the notions of Māori perception and understanding of architectural space will be explored in a general context. More particularly, characteristics of interior architecture will be researched.  Fourth, a site will be selected to reflect the contentious issues of incarceration of the Māori population. Matiu/Somes Island, located in the Wellington harbour, is a reflection of historical Māori culture and lifestyles that form a base of beliefs and mythology that modern Māori can identify with. The island itself is a provocation due to its history of incarceration.  This thesis is of interior architecture; hence the design will be developed within the constraints of a given architectural envelope. While this is an assumed position, the interior architecture will challenge the given envelope and its contextual site. As a consequence, further interventions into the landscape and the architecture will be developed to sustain the interior architecture here developed.  It is anticipated that this research will therefore support the idea that interior architecture of New Zealand prisons must be developed as an integral part of a holistic spatial intervention in view of supporting the rehabilitation process of Māori inmates.</p>

scholarly journals Te Pikinga O Tōku Tuakiri: The ascent of self-identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ariana Pia
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Concept ◽  
General Context ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Interior Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Given

<p>This research questions whether considering Māori concepts of architecture and space within the design of New Zealand prisons can help in the rehabilitation process of inmates of Māori descent.   First, the general concept of prison architecture will be researched. The panopticon as a general diagram as well as specific case studies will frame an understanding of the characteristics of prison architecture in the western sphere. A specific attention to interior architecture will be established.  Second, the link between cultural experience and rehabilitation will be distinguished primarily through analysis of Māori Focus Units.  Third, the notions of Māori perception and understanding of architectural space will be explored in a general context. More particularly, characteristics of interior architecture will be researched.  Fourth, a site will be selected to reflect the contentious issues of incarceration of the Māori population. Matiu/Somes Island, located in the Wellington harbour, is a reflection of historical Māori culture and lifestyles that form a base of beliefs and mythology that modern Māori can identify with. The island itself is a provocation due to its history of incarceration.  This thesis is of interior architecture; hence the design will be developed within the constraints of a given architectural envelope. While this is an assumed position, the interior architecture will challenge the given envelope and its contextual site. As a consequence, further interventions into the landscape and the architecture will be developed to sustain the interior architecture here developed.  It is anticipated that this research will therefore support the idea that interior architecture of New Zealand prisons must be developed as an integral part of a holistic spatial intervention in view of supporting the rehabilitation process of Māori inmates.</p>

scholarly journals ON THE CHANGE OF VALUES OF POSTNOMINATIVE APPENDICES IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION IN THE MODERN ENGLISH

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevil M. Radjabova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Altered Form ◽  
The Given ◽  
Informative Element

Article deals with the changes of the meanings of the post nominal adjectives in the process of transformation in the modern English language. On the basis of the linguoculturological approach and the method of linguistic analysis, the characteristic features of the change in the meanings of post-nominative adjectives in the English language have been revealed. In the English language the adjectives can perform the function of predicative. For the semantics of the adjectives which have the predicative function, these adjectives are characterized by inner qualitative diversity. Mainly, qualitative adjectives refer to classical predication and denote the feature of the object directly. Such adjectives have more features of predication. The predicative sign of the adjective, the presence of a connotation of subjective assessment determines its semantics and use. There are differences between the constructions used in the predicate function in phrases that perform the function of the subject and in the altered form of word phrases related attributively and predicatively. The predicative relation is the immunest form of syntactic connection and in predicative connectives the structural restriction in comparison with attributive constructions is extremely limited. Adjectives as predicative words do not have denotation and reference, they have no denoter, there is a signification. Basing on their indicative characteristics, it is possible to present all the possible semantic features. For the English language it is characteristic the use of the attribute before the defined word. The development from a special sign of thought to a general concept is characteristic for the whole structure of the English language; it is even possible to observe it in word formation. In most cases, taking into account the use of the adjective in the function of an attribute, the terms like postpositional (post nominal) and prepositional (prenominal) adjectives are used. The reasons for the change in the position of adjectives should be sought not always in the nature of the adjective, but in the degree to which it determines its referent. The semes that make up the meaning of the word are at different levels and are more or less stable. In adjectives, the nuclear seme, or subseme, is always found next to the differential seme. In other words, the adjective cannot be combined with nouns in all semantic groups. When an adjective is combined with a noun, a background is formed that allows or prevents the actualization of a particular seme. This causes the activation of a specific seme associated with the semantics of the given name in combination with the given name. Such semes are reflected in the join semantics. The opposite can also be said. The adjective itself chooses the noun for word formation. After all, the same adjective behaves differently in relation to transformation into different attributive complexes. In our opinion, adjectives act as an important restrictive informative element at the content level.

Special kinetic models of selection processes in biomacromolecular systems

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 3220-3239
Author(s):  
Vladimír Kvasnička
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Jacobi Matrix ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Linearization Method ◽  
Qualitative Theory ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
The Given

Physico-chemical models of selection processes on biomacromolecules - replicators are investigated. Three special cases are considered: 1) Replicators are selfreproduced with mutations, 2) selection process involving two or more substrates, and 3) selection process is controlled by external positive inflows of replicators. Simple tools of qualitative theory of differential equations are used, in particular the so-called linearization method based on the eigenvalues of Jacobi matrix evaluated at the given stationary state.

Recovery of Cellulose Nanofiber from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Recent Trends and Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria Majumdar ◽  
Umesh Mishra ◽  
Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj ◽  
Biswanath Bhunia
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Cellulose Nanofiber ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Tuning Strategy

Background: Plant is considered as an important feedstock for cellulose, although, algae can be used as reservoir for extraction of cellulose in its pure form. Cellulose nanofiber extracted from plant and algae gains more attention among researchers, due to their size in nano range, low cost for preparation, higher surface area available for tuning, outstanding mechanical properties and eco-friendly nature. However, the quality of nanofiber depends on extraction procedure and feedstock used for the extraction of them. Furthermore, the extracted nanofiber from lignocellulosic biomass is not compatible with liquid and polymeric matrices due to less amount of functional groups available on the surface of them. Therefore, it is urged to comprehend the explicit protocol required for extraction of highly resourceful nanofiber from specific lignocellulosic biomass and surface tuning strategy, which can augment their application in various fields. The present review targets to understand the various polysaccharides, lignin and production of cellulose nanofibers in an economical & efficient way with special attention on its implementation in environmental applications to mitigate the toxic pollutants from our surroundings. Methods: Research articles related to the cellulose types, feedstocks, physico-chemical features, various extraction and conversion techniques, functionalization methods, and applications on mitigating environmental pollution were collected and reviewed. This review article comprises sections which details various cellulose and nanocellulose types, feedtsocks, followed by their extraction, characterization and applications in mitigation of environmental issues such as heavy metal contaminations. Results: Studies highlighted in the article detailed types of extraction protocols, so far developed and strategies applied to improve the salient properties of nanofiber for specific applications are enlighten. Conclusion: The functionalized or modified cellulose and nanocellulose have gained significant interest attributed to their unique attributes, physico-chemical characteristics and efficiency in recovery of environmental pollutants. Thus, further exploitation of such natural resources in mitigation of various environmental issues and other realted applications are to be maximized.

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