Legislative tools in the Czech watershed management policy

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
J. Holas ◽  
M. Konvicková
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Law System ◽  
Water Quality Regulations

Potential environmental impacts as a result of large-scale farming system in the Czech Republic have created a great deal of concern in recent years. This concern has led to several studies to identify the role of new regulations, directives and other legislative issues in the field of water pollution control. The set of legislative tools related to watershed management policy to promote better agricultural practices is shortly reviewed. The paper emphasises the running water law system amendment with respect to European community water quality regulations.

scholarly journals Financing Watershed Services in the Foothills of the Himalayas

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Rai ◽  
Priya Shyamsundar ◽  
Mani Nepal ◽  
Laxmi Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Watershed Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Source Water Protection ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Watershed Services

Watershed management is critical for the sustainable supply of clean water to urban centers, particularly in areas of developing countries where large-scale infrastructure projects are costly to implement. In this paper, we discuss the potential for financing improvements in watershed services in the foothills of the Himalayas through Payments for Ecosystem Services. Through the use of a choice experiment to disentangle household preferences, we show that downstream water users are interested in improvements in water quality through source water protection. Households in Dharan municipality are willing to finance watershed management to the extent of USD 118,000 per year. These payments can be used to incentivize upstream households to decrease domestic livestock grazing, change agricultural practices and reduce open defecation to improve the drinking water quality and quantity in downstream areas. The estimated cost of these activities is less than $50,000 per year. Through discussions with local stakeholders, we propose a tri-partite institutional structure to facilitate transactions between downstream and upstream communities and to improve watershed services.

PECUNIARY PENALTY AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF PUNISHMENT IN THE CRIMINAL LAW SYSTEM IN SLOVAKIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Miroslav Gejdoš
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Law System ◽  
Alternative Concept

In this expert contribution, the author deals with the description of alternative penalties in a broader sense and with their meaning. In particular, the author focuses on the issue of pecuniary penalty by its definition and position in the criminal law system in Slovakia. The contribution professionally explains the execution and imposition of this alternative penalty in the conditions of the Slovak Republic as well as a comparison with the Czech Republic. The role of the pecuniary penalty is to keep the convict out of prison and to impose such a type of pen alty that will prevent the convict from committing further criminal offences, will protect the society and, last but not least, will meet demands of the victims of the crime. The aim of the alternative concept of punishment is to consolidate the perpetrator’s habits and attitudes necessary for leading a proper life.

scholarly journals The role of linear structures in agricultural landscape in the maitenance of xerothermic species

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Czarnecka
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Linear Structures ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Linear Habitats ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Small Fields

The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of different types of linear structures in the preservation of four xerothermic species (<i>Centaurea scabiosa</i>, <i>Euphorbia cyparissias</i>, <i>Melampyrum arvense</i>, and <i>Salvia verticillata</i>) and two weeds (<i>Euphorbia exigua</i> and <i>Thymelaea passerina</i>). Observations were conducted in the agricultural landscape of Western Volhynia with fields of different land use intensity (a large-scale farming system and small traditional arable fields). The total length of the studied structures was 4760 m and the following five categories of structures were distinguished: field road verges adjacent to large (1) and small fields (2), field margins between the patches of xerothermic grasslands as well as large (3) or small fields (4) and balks (5). The distribution and abundance of species mentioned above were recorded there. The survey showed that linear habitats are not suitable for all the studied species; margins between arable fields and grasslands were the most important habitats for both grassland and weed species. Factors responsible for their abundance and distribution along these margins included the following: type of farming system, exposure of the margin, and soil moisture. Grassland species occupied habitats adjacent to small traditional fields with other than southern exposure; weeds were more abundant in drier microhabitas.

Institutionalising community-based watershed management in India: elements of institutional sustainability

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.S. Saravanan
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Watershed Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
The State ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Institutional Sustainability ◽  
Institutional Solution

Community-based watershed management (CBWM) has gained prominence in developing world towards integrated resource management for livelihood enhancement of the poor, due to failure of large-scale river valley projects. This paradigm shift has enabled to narrow the divide between the state and community, and marks a beginning for the State towards a “learning organisation” that is adaptive to the changing social and environmental condition. The paper examines the role of State in institutionalising CBWM in three Indian states. It calls for the State to create an enabling institutional environment for coordination among institutions to emerge by devolving adequate responsibilities. This would offer opportunities for institutions to negotiate their concerns and build credibility for a long lasting institutional solution towards integrating resource management.

scholarly journals Manure as a Potential Hotspot for Antibiotic Resistance Dissemination by Horizontal Gene Transfer Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Lima ◽  
Sara Domingues ◽  
Gabriela Jorge Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

The increasing demand for animal-derived foods has led to intensive and large-scale livestock production with the consequent formation of large amounts of manure. Livestock manure is widely used in agricultural practices as soil fertilizer worldwide. However, several antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are frequently detected in manure and manure-amended soils. This review explores the role of manure in the persistence and dissemination of ARGs in the environment, analyzes the procedures used to decrease antimicrobial resistance in manure and the potential impact of manure application in public health. We highlight that manure shows unique features as a hotspot for antimicrobial gene dissemination by horizontal transfer events: richness in nutrients, a high abundance and diversity of bacteria populations and antibiotic residues that may exert a selective pressure on bacteria and trigger gene mobilization; reduction methodologies are able to reduce the concentrations of some, but not all, antimicrobials and microorganisms. Conjugation events are often seen in the manure environment, even after composting. Antibiotic resistance is considered a growing threat to human, animal and environmental health. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce the amount of antimicrobials and the load of antimicrobial resistant bacteria that end up in soil.

Czech Physical Planning at the Crossroads: Towards the Regulation of Large-Scale Retail Developments?

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Spilková ◽  
Radim Perlín
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Massive Development

The second half of the 1990s saw a dynamic development of Czech retailing and its spatial structure. Recent massive development of large-area commercial outlets in particular has revealed some problematic aspects and has also raised the question of whether their construction needs to be regulated. The role of local government in the decision processes concerning such developments is extremely weak and these processes are also complicated by a notably high level of bureaucracy. Although legislative documents proclaim the concept of sustainability as a key principle of future spatial development, its practical application will always depend on the will of the individual participants in the negotiation process. The authors argue that if a regulative approach to planning is chosen in the Czech Republic, planning offices must be respected bodies with enforceable rights and bound to act as strong authorities and effective agents of spatial plnning.

The Role of Sense of Direction and Other Factors During Navigation in a Large-Scale, Unconstrained Environment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J. Ploran ◽  
Ericka Rovira ◽  
James C. Thompson ◽  
Raja Parasuraman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sense Of Direction

Magnetic Properties of xCeO2•(50 − x) PbO•50B2O3 Glasses and Glass Ceramics

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4486-4494 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.El Damrawi ◽  
F. Gharghar
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Magnetic Behavior ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Ordered Structures ◽  
Essential Change

Cerium oxide in borate glasses of composition xCeO2·(50 − x)PbO·50B2O3 plays an important role in changing both microstructure and magnetic behaviors of the system. The structural role of CeO2 as an effective agent for cluster and crystal formation in borate network is clearly evidenced by XRD technique. Both structure and size of well-formed cerium separated clusters have an effective influence on the structural properties. The cluster aggregations are documented to be found in different range ordered structures, intermediate and long range orders are the most structures in which cerium phases are involved. The nano-sized crystallized cerium species in lead borate phase are evidenced to have magnetic behavior.  The criteria of building new specific borate phase enriched with cerium as ferrimagnetism has been found to keep the magnetization in large scale even at extremely high temperature. Treating the glass thermally or exposing it to an effective dose of ionized radiation is evidenced to have an essential change in magnetic properties. Thermal heat treatment for some of investigated materials is observed to play dual roles in the glass matrix. It can not only enhance alignment processes of the magnetic moment but also increases the capacity of the crystallite species in the magnetic phases. On the other hand, reverse processes are remarked under the effect of irradiation. The magnetization was found to be lowered, since several types of the trap centers which are regarded as defective states can be produced by effect of ionized radiation. 

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