Characterization of plant sterols from 22 US pulp and paper mills

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Cook ◽  
L. LaFleur ◽  
A. Parrish ◽  
J. Jones ◽  
D. Hoy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Mass Discharge

Recent concerns regarding the possible biological effects of plant sterols, especially β-sitosterol and its metabolites, prompted the development of a method for the determination of campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, and stigmasterol in pulp and paper industry wastewaters. The method utilizes a liquid/liquid extraction with methyl-t-butyl ether followed by trimethylsilylation derivatization with GC/FID analysis. The method has been applied to wastewater samples from biological treatment systems at 22 US mills. Estimated treatment system removal efficiencies and mass discharge rates are reported. Estimated treatment system removal efficiencies ranged from 64-79% for most analytes. However, the concentration of stigmasterol was observed to increase across aerated stabilization basins. The estimated mass discharge rates for total plant sterols ranged from a low of 0.2 g/T to a high of 25.2 g/T, depending on the specific mill sampled.

Treatment of Different Wastewaters from Pulp and Paper Industry in Methane Reactors

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
P K Latola
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Plastic Foam ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

A wastewater from an integrated paper mill with a COD of 1200 mg/dm3 was anaerobically treated in a multi-stage reactor. The BOD7 removal efficiencies of 60-75 % were achieved at maximal loading rates of 5-6 kg COD/m3d and HRT of 4-6 hours due to the granular sludge. Industrial sulphite evaporator condensates from Ca- and Na-processes were treated in anaerobic filters containing light gravel, plastic foam and power plant slag as filter media. The BOD7 removals of 78 % on average were achieved at loading rates of 1.8-3.3 kg COD/m3d with Ca-process evaporator condensates and 80 % BOD7 removals were achieved with Na-process condensates at loading rates of 3.5-4.1 kg COD/m3d.

Quantification of Plant Sterols in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Mahmood-Khan ◽  
Eric R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Paper Mill Effluents

Abstract Pulp and paper mill effluents (PPMEs) may contain high levels of otherwise naturally occurring organic pollutants such as plant sterols, which are suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals. Exposure to such chemicals may cause various physiological and morphological abnormalities that have been reported in the fish and other aquatic life inhabiting PPME receiving waters. Plant sterols, or phytosterols, form a constituent of wood extractives that may be released into the effluents during the pulping and paper making processes. Isolation and analysis of sterols from the complex mixture of PPMEs is challenging and standard analytical protocols do not exist. The need for having a reliable method for analyzing a particular environmental contaminant such as plant sterols cannot be overemphasized. In the present study a technique was modified for reliable analysis of PPME sterols. The technique involves liquid-liquid extractions using methyl-t-butyl ether and trimethyl-silylation derivatizations of the extracted sterols. Identification and quantification of the PPME sterols were accomplished by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Analytical problems were resolved by conducting multiple extractions, drying the sterol extracts, and redissolving and silylating the extracts at an increased derivatization temperature of 70°C. This shortened the suggested incubation period from 12 to 4 h. The modified technique offered improved method sensitivity and reproducibility, and successfully quantified campesterol, β-sitosterol, β-sitostanol, stigmasterol, stigmastanol, cholesterol, and ergosterol in PPMEs. Primary and secondary treated PPMEs analyses suggested 800 ± 190 µg/L total sterols in primary effluents, and 211 ± 90 µg/L in biologically treated final effluents. β-Sitosterol, β-sitostanol, and campesterol alone accounted for about 80% of the total sterols. A general comparison of the sterols in primary and secondary effluents suggested about 73% removal across the secondary treatment systems sampled.

Correlation of wood-based components and dewatering properties of waste activated sludge from pulp and paper industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kyllönen ◽  
J. Lehto ◽  
P. Pirkonen ◽  
A. Grönroos ◽  
H. Pakkanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Waste Activated Sludge ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Elementary Analysis ◽  
Solids Content

Large amounts of wet sludge are produced annually in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. Already in pulp and paper industry, more than ten million tons of primary sludge, waste activated sludge, and de-inking sludge is generated. Waste activated sludge contains large quantities of bound water, which is difficult to dewater. Low water content would be a matter of high calorific value in incineration but it also has effects on the volume and the quality of the matter to be handled in sludge disposal. In this research waste activated sludges from different pulp and paper mills were chemically characterised and dewatered. Correlations of chemical composition and dewatering properties were determined using multivariate analysis. Chemical characterisation included basic sludge analysis, elementary analysis and analysis of wood-based components, such as hemicelluloses and lignin-derived material. Dewatering properties were determined using measurements of dry solids content, flux and flocculant dosage. The effects of different variables varied according to the response concerned. The variables which were significant regarding cake DS increase in filtration or centrifugation and flocculant dosage needed in filtration were different from those which were significant regarding flux.

Energy efficient aeration of wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2364-2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Paper Mills

More than 50% of the electrical power needed to treat pulp and paper industry effluents is used for aeration in biological treatment stages. A large share of the oxygen that passes through the wastewater is not consumed and will be found in the off-gas. Energy can be saved by aerating under conditions where the oxygen transfer is most efficient, for example at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen Consider the sludge as an energy source; electricity can be saved by avoiding sludge reduction through prolonged aeration. High oxygen transfer efficiency can be retained by using the oxygen consumption of biosolids. Quantified savings in the form of needed volumes of air while still achieving sufficient COD reduction are presented. The tests have been made in a bubble column with pulp mill process water and sludge from a biological treatment plant. These were supplemented with case studies at three pulp and paper mills.

Upgrading aerated lagoons at pulp and paper mills

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Welander ◽  
Anders Löfqvist ◽  
Anders Selmer
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Support Material ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Pilot Plant Scale ◽  
One Year

The possibility of improving the efficiency of aerated lagoons treating pulp and paper industry effluents by introducing a support material for microbial growth was studied on a pilot plant scale. Two 20 m3 pilot plants were operated for approximately one year in parallel with full-scale aerated lagoons at two Swedish pulp and paper mills. A support material specifically developed for application in aerated lagoons was installed in the pilot plants. A considerably higher treatment efficiency was obtained in the pilot plants than in the full-scale lagoons. While 30-40% of the COD was removed in the full-scale lagoons, a COD-removal of 60-70% was achieved in the pilot plants. Phosphorus, an important discharge parameter at both mills, was removed to 60-70%, while the removal in the full scale lagoons was only 0-10%. The suspended solids in the treated effluent after clarification was around 20 mg/l.

Forests, fiber, and the environment – In view of the fiber supply to the pulp and paper industry

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Mohta ◽  
D. N. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wood Pulp ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Paper Mills

Forests play a vital role in the social, economic, and environmental development of any country. Paper, composed principally of wood fiber, is an essential commodity in promoting literacy, communication, documentation, and packaging. However, there is much concern about the world's forests being over-utilized. This has led to serious repercussions, not only to humanity, but also to the earth's biodiversity as a whole. It is now time that forests be used in a more responsible and ethical manner. Because of reduced forest area, increasing pulpwood costs, and an increasing demand for pulp and paper products, it might be expected that the focus would shift to high yield pulping processes or to the use of cellulosic non-wood raw materials. Non-woods are available in good supply all over the world, but are currently under-utilized. It is estimated that replacing 5–10% of wood pulp with non-wood pulp would have an important impact on the conservation of forests and the environment. This replacement of wood pulp by non-wood pulp could be environmentally and economically acceptable even in developed countries. By doing so, pulp and paper mills would have a lead role in reducing their dependency on forests for fiber. This determination and commitment would enhance the long-term sustainability of forests and the pulp and paper industry. Above all, it would be a sustainable step towards "our common future." Key words: forest, sustainable development, fiber supply, pulp and paper, non-woods

Follow-up Studies Addressing Questions Identified During Cycle 1 of the Adult Fish Survey of the Pulp and Paper EEM Program

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. McMaster ◽  
Melinda Frank ◽  
Kelly Munkittrick ◽  
Renée Riffon ◽  
Craig Wood
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Reference Site ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Forage Fish ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Site Variability

Abstract The Canadian federal government instituted an environment effects monitoring (EEM) program for the pulp and paper industry to ensure the long-term integrity of fish populations below the discharge of mill effluents. The program is cyclical in nature (every three to four years) and one of the components of the program is an adult fish survey which monitors wild fish health in the receiving environments. Cycle 1 reports were submitted in April of 1996, and the report for the James Maclaren Inc. mill at Thurso, Quebec, suggested some responses were evident in fish downstream of the mill discharge. However, the receiving environment was subject to inputs from other potential sources or confounding factors such as farm runoff, storm sewers, municipal discharges and and upstream paper mills. A review of other Cycle 1 studies also identified a number of problems encountered during the adult fish surveys. At this time, Maclaren researchers and Environment Canada set up a collaborative research project as part of their Cycle 2 studies at the Thurso site. Objectives of the study included a comparison of Cycle 2 results to their Cycle 1 studies, an assessment of the potential for the use of forage fish in the EEM program as well as an evaluation of reference site variability in the required EEM fish parameters. Collections in 1997 confirmed an increased male yellow perch liver size downstream of the discharge, but could not confirm reproductive alterations in exposed fish. It was possible to obtain all of the required EEM fish parameters from a small forage fish species such as the johnny darter, which may reduce the influence of fish mobility and other confounding factors on fish responses at some sites. Reference site variability was not a contributing factor in evaluating fish responses to effluent sources at this site.

Evaluation of Purification Efficiency of Activated Sludge Treatment Plants for Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewaters in Finland

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
J. Junna ◽  
J. Rintala
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Since 1984, when the first activated sludge treatment plant (ASTP) was built to treat pulp and paper industry wastewaters in Finland, twenty more plants have been introduced by 1989. An evaluation was undertaken to find out the actual performance of the ASTPs in BOD7, CODc r and phosphorus removal. The evaluation included all the 12 ASTPs in operation in the pulp and paper industry at the beginning of 1987. The highest average BOD7 removals were about 90 % at pulp mills as well as paper and board mills. CODc r removal was generally higher at paper and board mills (about 40-70 %) than at pulp mills (about 25-55 %). Phosphorus was added to wastewater in most plants. In some ASTPs, phosphorus concentrations were lowered by 20-40 % compared with wastewater from the mill. In some plants phosphorus load on the recipient was higher than the load coming from the mill. In treated wastewater, correlations between suspended solids and BOD7, CODc r, phosphorus and nitrogen were significant in most plants. This indicated that low removal efficiencies resulted from poor suspended solids removal in the secondary clarification. Volumetric and sludge CODc r loading rates could not explain removal efficiencies when all plants were included in the comparison. In plants treating chemical pulping effluents, higher removal efficiencies were normally achieved with lower loading rates. When the plants were studied separately, the influence of loading rate was generally significant.

Allocation of carbon dioxide emissions from key production steps in high-grade paper mills

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
REMEI ALDRICH ◽  
XAVIER LLAURÓ ◽  
JOSEP PUIG ◽  
PERE MUTJÉ ◽  
M. ÀNGELS PÈLACH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Allocation Process ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
Emission Allocation

The pulp and paper sector is one of the seven most energy intensive industrial sectors. In the pulp and paper industry, carbon dioxide emissions mainly result from demands for power and steam. The paper industry could achieve reduced emission targets by considering the source of the emissions, replacing fuels, adapting renewable energies, and improving the energy efficiency of the production process. An emission allocation process based on key production steps was developed in which each unit of operation in the papermaking process was related to its share of emissions. Two high-grade paper mills were used as case studies for this allocation process. Because the selected boundaries were comparable, the results could be used by other mills to determine critical emission levels. In addition, the environmental goals of the papermaking industry could be achieved by applying these types of processes.

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