Treatment of wastewater containing high phenol concentrations using stabilisation ponds enriched with activated sludge

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Ramos ◽  
J.L. Dávila ◽  
F. Esparza ◽  
F. Thalasso ◽  
J. Alba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Treatment of wastewater containing high phenol concentrations (up to 4,000 mg/l, 1,600 kg/ha.d) in laboratory-scale stabilisation ponds enriched with activated sludge was studied. Phenol was biodegraded efficiently, even when fed as the sole carbon source. At influent concentrations of 1,000, 1,300, 1,600, 1,900, 2,500, 3,000 and 4,000 mg/l of phenol (loading rates of 400, 520, 640, 760, 1,000, 1,200 and 1,600 kg phenol/ha.d), the phenol removal efficiencies were 92, 89, 81, 81, 76, 65 and 22%, respectively. At 4,000 mg/l of phenol, the enriched ponds were significantly inhibited. The maximum phenol removal rate observed was 780 kg/ha.d, which is 7.7 times higher than the maximum value reported for attached-growth waste stabilisation ponds. All along the experiments, the enriched ponds showed removal rates 1.8–20.5 times higher than the values observed in control pond (not enriched). The results suggest that enrichment is an effective method to increase xenobiotic removal rates of stabilisation ponds.

Another carbon source for BNR system

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Choi ◽  
H. S. Lee ◽  
J. W. Lee ◽  
S. W. Oa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Low Strength

It has been known wastewater with low COD/TKN ratio produces higher effluent NO3-N and adversely affects poly P microbes returning it to an anaerobic stage in BNR systems. Nightsoil applicability to return activated sludge line to minimize NO3-N effect to poly P microbes in anaerobic stage was examined with laboratory BNR systems operated at 20°C. The study results indicated nightsoil application could improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies both with low strength settled municipal and piggery wastes presenting low COD/TKN ratios of 6 and 2.2, respectively. Even organic loading rates increased to 20 to 60% due to nightsoil application, the effluent COD increased only 10 to 20%. This would suggest nightsoil can be used as another carbon source and nightsoil application to return activated sludge line can be another alternative modification to improve BNR systems.

Behaviour of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Surfactants and of Nitrilotriacetate in Sewage Treatment

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Giger ◽  
M. Ahel ◽  
M. Koch ◽  
H. U. Laubscher ◽  
C. Schaffner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Effluents and sludges from several municipal sewage treatment plants in Switzerland were analyzed for nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEO, n=3-20), nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylate (NPlEO, NP2EO), corresponding nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids (NP1EC, NP2EC) and nonylphenol (NP). These chemicals derive from nonionic surfactants of the NPnEO-type, and specific analitical techniques were used to study their behaviour during mechanical-biological sewage and subsequent sludge treatment. The parent NPnEO-surfactants, with concentrations in raw and mechanically treated sewage from 400-2200 mg/m3, were relatively efficiently removed by the activated sludge treatment. The abundances of the different metabolites varied depending on treatment conditions. The refractory nature of NPl/2EO, NP and NPl/2EC was recognized. Both biotransformations and physico-chemical processes determine the behaviour and fate of nonylphenolic substances in sewage treatment. Nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was found in primary effluents at concentrations between 430 and 1390 mg/m3. The various treatment plants showed different removal efficiencies for NTA depending on the operating conditions. Activated sludge treatment with low sludge loading rates and nitrifying conditions removed NTA with efficiencies between 95 and 99%. High sludge loading caused a decrease in NTA removal efficiencies from 70% to 39%.

The comparison of trichloroethylene removal rates by methane- and aromatic-utilizing microorganisms

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-J. Lu ◽  
C. M. Lee ◽  
M.-S. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Initial Cell Concentration ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Toluene Concentration ◽  
Cell Source ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

The comparison of TCE cometabolic removal by methane, toluene, and phenol utilizers was conducted with a series of batch reactors. Methane, toluene, or phenol enriched microorganisms were used as cell source. The initial cell concentration was about 107 cfu/mL. Methane, toluene, and phenol could be readily biodegraded resulting in the cometabolic removal of TCE. Among the three primary carbon sources studied, the presence of phenol provided the best cometabolic removal of TCE. When the concentration of carbon source was 3 mg-C/L, the initial TCE removal rates initiated by methane, toluene, and phenol utilizers were 1.5, 30, and 100 μg/L-hr, respectively. During the incubation period of 80 hours, TCE removal efficiencies were 26% and 96% with the presence of methane and toluene, respectively. However, it was 100% within 20 hours with the presence of phenol. For phenol utilizers, the initial TCE removal rates were about the same, when the phenol concentrations were 1.35, 2.7, and 4.5 mg/L. However, TCE removal was not proportional to the concentrations of phenol. TCE removal was hindered when the phenol concentration was higher than 4.5 mg/L because of the rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen. The presence of toluene also initiated cometabolic removal of TCE. The presence of toluene at 3 and 5 mg/L resulted in similar TCE removal. The initial TCE removal rate was about 95 μg/L-hr at toluene concentrations of 3 and 5 mg/L compared to 20 μg/L-hr at toluene concentration of 1 mg/L.

Relations between carbon removal rates, biofilm size and density of a novel anaerobic reactor: the inverse turbulent bed

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Buffière ◽  
R. Moletta
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Carbon Removal ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Biomass Activity ◽  
High Turbulence ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

An anaerobic inverse turbulent bed, in which the biogas only ensures fluidisation of floating carrier particles, was investigated for carbon removal kinetics and for biofilm growth and detachment. The range of operation of the reactor was kept within 5 and 30 kgCOD· m−3· d−1, with Hydraulic Retention Times between 0.28 and 1 day. The carbon removal efficiency remained between 70 and 85%. Biofilm size were rather low (between 5 and 30 μm) while biofilm density reached very high values (over 80 kgVS· m−3). The biofilm size and density varied with increasing carbon removal rates with opposite trends; as biofilm size increases, its density decreases. On the one hand, biomass activity within the reactor was kept at a high level, (between 0.23 and 0.75 kgTOC· kgVS· d−1, i.e. between 0.6 and 1.85 kgCOD·kgVS · d−1).This result indicates that high turbulence and shear may favour growth of thin, dense and active biofilms. It is thus an interesting tool for biomass control. On the other hand, volatile solid detachment increases quasi linearly with carbon removal rate and the total amount of solid in the reactor levels off at high OLR. This means that detachment could be a limit of the process at higher organic loading rates.

Removal of organics from wastewater using a novel biological hybrid system

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Al-Sharekh ◽  
M. F. Hamoda
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
A Minor

This paper summarizes the results obtained using the hybrid aerated submerged fixed-film (HASFF) process. HASFF is an innovative system comprising a four-compartment reactor having an array of fixed ceramic plates maintained under diffused aeration to support attached biomass, with activated sludge recycle to promote suspended growth in the reactor. Wastewater from a municipal treatment plant was fed to the reactor and its activated sludge was used for recycling in the hybrid system. Four pilot units were operated in the plant at various hydraulic retention times, HRTs (2, 4, 6 and 8 h), using primary-settled wastewater under organic loading rates up to 0.7 g BOD/gMLTVS · d. Data obtained showed that the overall BOD percentage removal efficiencies were consistently above 94.0% at all HRTs including the 2 hours while the COD percentage removal efficiencies ranged between 65.7–76%. The effluent's mean filtered BOD concentration ranged between 4.5–7.5 mg/l whereas the mean filtered COD concentration ranged between 70.0–89.6 mg/l. Increasing the hydraulic loading rate by four-folds from 0.08 to 0.32 m3/m2 · d had a minor effect on the unit's BOD and COD percentage removal efficiencies indicating a robust biological process that is resilient to hydraulic shock loads, thereby offering a viable upgrading option.

Research on the Treatment of Coal Chemical Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process with Fixed Biological Media Process and Strains

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2006-2011
Author(s):  
Chun Yan Xu ◽  
Hong Jun Han
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Biological Media ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
N Removal

Full scale two-stage activated sludge process (ASP) with fixed biological media was used to treat coal gasification wastewater. The ASP has operated for more than one year and COD, total phenol and NH4-N removal effects were illuminated. COD and total phenol removal rates were around 85% and 90% during long term operation. Effluent COD and total phenol of the first stage of the ASP had an abnormal increase and turned to normal after several weeks. Nitrification of the ASP increased slowly and NH4-N removal rates achieved 80% after 15 weeks. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a is isolated from coal chemical industry wastewater. The optimum conditions for PO production are phenol 1000mg/L, temperature 30-34 and pH 7-7.5. The strain resists 980mg/L COD and 805mg/L phenols. The degradation rate of phenols reaches 97% in 48h. The results show that Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a can be applied to the aerobic process with high proportion of phenols

Evaluation of Purification Efficiency of Activated Sludge Treatment Plants for Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewaters in Finland

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
J. Junna ◽  
J. Rintala
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Since 1984, when the first activated sludge treatment plant (ASTP) was built to treat pulp and paper industry wastewaters in Finland, twenty more plants have been introduced by 1989. An evaluation was undertaken to find out the actual performance of the ASTPs in BOD7, CODc r and phosphorus removal. The evaluation included all the 12 ASTPs in operation in the pulp and paper industry at the beginning of 1987. The highest average BOD7 removals were about 90 % at pulp mills as well as paper and board mills. CODc r removal was generally higher at paper and board mills (about 40-70 %) than at pulp mills (about 25-55 %). Phosphorus was added to wastewater in most plants. In some ASTPs, phosphorus concentrations were lowered by 20-40 % compared with wastewater from the mill. In some plants phosphorus load on the recipient was higher than the load coming from the mill. In treated wastewater, correlations between suspended solids and BOD7, CODc r, phosphorus and nitrogen were significant in most plants. This indicated that low removal efficiencies resulted from poor suspended solids removal in the secondary clarification. Volumetric and sludge CODc r loading rates could not explain removal efficiencies when all plants were included in the comparison. In plants treating chemical pulping effluents, higher removal efficiencies were normally achieved with lower loading rates. When the plants were studied separately, the influence of loading rate was generally significant.

Biological Filters for Post-Denitrification

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svend-Erik Jepsen ◽  
Jes la Cour Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Carrier Material ◽  
External Carbon Source ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Biological Filters

Nitrifying wastewater treatment plants exist in many European countries. These plants can be extended for Total-Nitrogen removal by a post-denitrification stage using an external carbon source. A compact solution for this process is submerged biological filters. Two pilot plants have been used as post-denitrification reactors, a down-flow filter with expanded slate as carrier material (Biocarbone) and an up-flow filter with polystyrene pellets as carrier material (Biostyr). Nitrified wastewater was treated to a stable effluent quality from both pilot plants to below the Danish effluent standard which is 8 mg Tot-N/l. The pilot plants have been operated at different loading rates with acetate as external carbon source. Stable removal with effluent nitrate less than 5 mg NO3-N/l was obtained for loading rates up to more than 4 kg NO3-N/m3 d at 10-17°C. The removal capacity of the pilot plants has been shown to be independent of time from last backwash. The removal rate over different sections of the filters does not change within one operation cycle. The backwash removes the excess biomass and particles which cause the head loss, but the removal capacity remains in the filter. The head loss development in the two systems is quite different. In the Biostyr system, the head loss raises close to linear with time (load), while the Biocarbone shows slow increase in head loss with time until the surface is clogged by incoming particles and biomass growth. When this occurs, the nitrogen bubbles, which are produced in the lower part of the filter, are trapped just below the top layer. The void volume of the filter is occupied by nitrogen gas and the head loss increases very fast to the terminal head loss. This investigation has shown that both kinds of submerged filters are capable to serve as post-denitrification reactors to remove nitrate to the most stringent effluent standards.

Gordonia (nocardia) amarae foaming due to biosurfactant production

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Pagilla ◽  
A. Sood ◽  
H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Biosurfactant Production

Gordonia amarae, a filamentous actinomycete, commonly found in foaming activated sludge wastewater treatment plants was investigated for its biosurfactant production capability. Soluble acetate and sparingly soluble hexadecane were used as carbon sources for G. amarae growth and biosurfactant production in laboratory scale batch reactors. The lowest surface tension (critical micelle concentration, CMC) of the cell-free culture broth was 55 dynes/cm when 1,900 mg/L acetate was used as the sole carbon source. The lowest surface tension was less than 40 dynes/cm when either 1% (v/v) hexadecane or a mixture of 1% (v/v) hexadecane and 0.5% (w/v) acetate was used as the carbon source. The maximum biomass concentration (the stationary phase) was achieved after 4 days when acetate was used along with hexadecane, whereas it took about 8 days to achieve the stationary phase with hexadecane alone. The maximum biosurfactant production was 3 × CMC with hexadecane as the sole carbon source, and it was 5 × CMC with the mixture of hexadecane and acetate. Longer term growth studies (∼ 35 days of culture growth) indicated that G. amarae produces biosurfactant in order to solubilize hexadecane, and that adding acetate improves its biosurfactant production by providing readily degradable substrate for initial biomass growth. This research confirms that the foaming problems in activated sludge containing G. amarae in the activated sludge are due to the biosurfactant production by G. amarae when hydrophobic substrates such as hexadecane are present.

scholarly journals Biodegradation and Metabolic Pathway of Sulfamethoxazole by Sphingobacterium Mizutaii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Song ◽  
Guijie Hao ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Hongyu Zhang ◽  
Dongxue Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Animal Diseases

Abstract Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is the most commonly used antibiotics in China for inhibiting aquatic animal diseases. However, the residues of SMX are difficult to eliminate and may enter the food chain, leading to considerable threats on human health. The bacterial strain Sphingobacterium mizutaii LLE5 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain could utilize SMX as its sole carbon source and degrade it efficiently. Under optimal degradation conditions (30.8 °C, pH 7.2, and inoculum amount of 3.5 × 107 cfu/mL), S. mizutaii LLE5 could degrade 93.87% of 50 mg/L SMX within 7 days. Four intermediate products from the degradation of SMX were identified: sulfanilamide, 4-aminothiophenol, 5-amino-3-methylisoxazole, and aniline, suggesting a possible degradation pathway based on these findings. This report is the first to confirm that Sphingobacteriumi could degrade SMX. Furthermore, S. mizutaii LLE5 could also degrade other sulfonamides. The degradation efficiencies of strain LLE5 for sulfadiazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamisoxazole, and sulfadimidine were 59.85%, 51.68%, 46.95%, and 37.42%, respectively.

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