scholarly journals Biodegradation and Metabolic Pathway of Sulfamethoxazole by Sphingobacterium Mizutaii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Song ◽  
Guijie Hao ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Hongyu Zhang ◽  
Dongxue Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Animal Diseases

Abstract Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is the most commonly used antibiotics in China for inhibiting aquatic animal diseases. However, the residues of SMX are difficult to eliminate and may enter the food chain, leading to considerable threats on human health. The bacterial strain Sphingobacterium mizutaii LLE5 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain could utilize SMX as its sole carbon source and degrade it efficiently. Under optimal degradation conditions (30.8 °C, pH 7.2, and inoculum amount of 3.5 × 107 cfu/mL), S. mizutaii LLE5 could degrade 93.87% of 50 mg/L SMX within 7 days. Four intermediate products from the degradation of SMX were identified: sulfanilamide, 4-aminothiophenol, 5-amino-3-methylisoxazole, and aniline, suggesting a possible degradation pathway based on these findings. This report is the first to confirm that Sphingobacteriumi could degrade SMX. Furthermore, S. mizutaii LLE5 could also degrade other sulfonamides. The degradation efficiencies of strain LLE5 for sulfadiazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamisoxazole, and sulfadimidine were 59.85%, 51.68%, 46.95%, and 37.42%, respectively.

scholarly journals Biodegradation and metabolic pathway of sulfamethoxazole by Sphingobacterium mizutaii

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Song ◽  
Guijie Hao ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Hongyu Zhang ◽  
Dongxue Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Animal Diseases

AbstractSulfamethoxazole (SMX) is the most commonly used antibiotic in worldwide for inhibiting aquatic animal diseases. However, the residues of SMX are difficult to eliminate and may enter the food chain, leading to considerable threats on human health. The bacterial strain Sphingobacterium mizutaii LLE5 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain could utilize SMX as its sole carbon source and degrade it efficiently. Under optimal degradation conditions (30.8 °C, pH 7.2, and inoculum amount of 3.5 × 107 cfu/mL), S. mizutaii LLE5 could degrade 93.87% of 50 mg/L SMX within 7 days. Four intermediate products from the degradation of SMX were identified and a possible degradation pathway based on these findings was proposed. Furthermore, S. mizutaii LLE5 could also degrade other sulfonamides. This study is the first report on (1) degradation of SMX and other sulfonamides by S. mizutaii, (2) optimization of biodegradation conditions via response surface methodology, and (3) identification of sulfanilamide, 4-aminothiophenol, 5-amino-3-methylisoxazole, and aniline as metabolites in the degradation pathway of SMX in a microorganism. This strain might be useful for the bioremediation of SMX-contaminated environment.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Able To Accumulate and Utilize Cholesterol

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (21) ◽  
pp. 6584-6591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Brzostek ◽  
Jakub Pawelczyk ◽  
Anna Rumijowska-Galewicz ◽  
Bozena Dziadek ◽  
Jaroslaw Dziadek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Cholesterol Accumulation ◽  
Targeted Disruption ◽  
Future Studies

ABSTRACT It is expected that the obligatory human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis must adapt metabolically to the various nutrients available during its cycle of infection, persistence, and reactivation. Cholesterol, which is an important part of the mammalian cytoplasmic membrane, is a potential energy source. Here, we show that M. tuberculosis grown in medium containing a carbon source other than cholesterol is able to accumulate cholesterol in the free-lipid zone of its cell wall. This cholesterol accumulation decreases the permeability of the cell wall for the primary antituberculosis drug, rifampin, and partially masks the mycobacterial surface antigens. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis was able to grow on mineral medium supplemented with cholesterol as the sole carbon source. Targeted disruption of the Rv3537 (kstD) gene inhibited growth due to inactivation of the cholesterol degradation pathway, as evidenced by accumulation of the intermediate, 9-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione. Our findings that M. tuberculosis is able to accumulate cholesterol in the presence of alternative nutrients and use it when cholesterol is the sole carbon source in vitro may facilitate future studies into the pathophysiology of this important deadly pathogen.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of a novel bacterial strain from a Tris-Acetate-Phosphate agar medium plate of the green micro-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that can utilize common environmental pollutants as a carbon source

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mautusi Mitra ◽  
Kevin Manoap-Anh-Khoa Nguyen ◽  
Taylor Wayland Box ◽  
Jesse Scott Gilpin ◽  
Seth Ryan Hamby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Motor Oil

Background: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green micro-alga can be grown at the lab heterotrophically or photo-heterotrophically in Tris-Phosphate-Acetate (TAP) medium which contains acetate as the sole carbon source. When grown in TAP medium, Chlamydomonas can utilize the exogenous acetate in the medium for gluconeogenesis using the glyoxylate cycle, which is also present in many bacteria and higher plants. A novel bacterial strain, LMJ, was isolated from a contaminated TAP medium plate of Chlamydomonas. We present our work on the isolation and physiological and biochemical characterizations of LMJ. Methods: Several microbiological tests were conducted to characterize LMJ, including its sensitivity to four antibiotics. We amplified and sequenced partially the 16S rRNA gene of LMJ. We tested if LMJ can utilize cyclic alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, poly-hydroxyalkanoates, and fresh and combusted car motor oil as the sole carbon source on Tris-Phosphate (TP) agar medium plates for growth. Results: LMJ is a gram-negative rod, oxidase-positive, mesophilic, non-enteric, pigmented, salt-sensitive bacterium. LMJ can ferment glucose, is starch hydrolysis-negative, and is very sensitive to penicillin and chloramphenicol. Preliminary spectrophotometric analyses indicate LMJ produces pyomelanin. NCBI-BLAST analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of LMJ showed that it matched to that of an uncultured bacterium clone LIB091_C05_1243. The nearest genus relative of LMJ is an Acidovorax sp. strain. LMJ was able to use alkane hydrocarbons, fresh and combusted car motor oil, poly-hydroxybutyrate, phenanthrene, naphthalene, benzoic acid and phenyl acetate as the sole carbon source for growth on TP-agar medium plates. Conclusions: LMJ has 99.14% sequence identity with the Acidovorax sp. strain A16OP12 whose genome has not been sequenced yet. LMJ’s ability to use chemicals that are common environmental pollutants makes it a promising candidate for further investigation for its use in bioremediation and, provides us with an incentive to sequence its genome.

Gordonia (nocardia) amarae foaming due to biosurfactant production

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Pagilla ◽  
A. Sood ◽  
H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Biosurfactant Production

Gordonia amarae, a filamentous actinomycete, commonly found in foaming activated sludge wastewater treatment plants was investigated for its biosurfactant production capability. Soluble acetate and sparingly soluble hexadecane were used as carbon sources for G. amarae growth and biosurfactant production in laboratory scale batch reactors. The lowest surface tension (critical micelle concentration, CMC) of the cell-free culture broth was 55 dynes/cm when 1,900 mg/L acetate was used as the sole carbon source. The lowest surface tension was less than 40 dynes/cm when either 1% (v/v) hexadecane or a mixture of 1% (v/v) hexadecane and 0.5% (w/v) acetate was used as the carbon source. The maximum biomass concentration (the stationary phase) was achieved after 4 days when acetate was used along with hexadecane, whereas it took about 8 days to achieve the stationary phase with hexadecane alone. The maximum biosurfactant production was 3 × CMC with hexadecane as the sole carbon source, and it was 5 × CMC with the mixture of hexadecane and acetate. Longer term growth studies (∼ 35 days of culture growth) indicated that G. amarae produces biosurfactant in order to solubilize hexadecane, and that adding acetate improves its biosurfactant production by providing readily degradable substrate for initial biomass growth. This research confirms that the foaming problems in activated sludge containing G. amarae in the activated sludge are due to the biosurfactant production by G. amarae when hydrophobic substrates such as hexadecane are present.

scholarly journals Metabolism of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate by a soil pseudomonad. Preliminary evidence for the metabolic pathway

1971 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Gaunt ◽  
W. C. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Tentative Identification

1. A pseudomonad capable of utilizing the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate as a sole carbon source was isolated from soil and cultured in liquid medium. 2. Analysis of induction patterns of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate-grown cells suggests that 5-chloro-o-cresol and 5-chloro-3-methylcatechol are early intermediates in the oxidation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate. Cells were not adapted to oxidize 4-chloro-6-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxyacetate. 3. In culture, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate rapidly disappeared and the chlorine in the molecule was quantitatively released as Cl− ion. 4. A lactone (γ-carboxymethylene-α-methyl-Δαβ-butenolide) was isolated from cultures and established as an intermediate. 5. The following metabolic pathway is suggested: 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate → 5-chloro-o-cresol → 5-chloro-3-methylcatechol → cis–cis-γ-chloro-α-methylmuconate → γ-carboxymethylene-α-methyl-Δαβ-butenolide → γ-hydroxy-α-methylmuconate. 6. The tentative identification of 5-chloro-o-cresol, a γ-chloro-α-methylmuconate and γ-hydroxy-α-methylmuconate in culture extracts supports this scheme. However, the catechol was never observed to accumulate in cultures. 7. The detection of 4-chloro-6-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxyacetate, 2-methyl-phenoxyacetate, a dehalogenated cresol and oxalate in culture extracts is discussed in relation to the proposed metabolic pathway.

A survey of filamentous foaming in activated sludge plants in Hong Kong

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chua ◽  
K. Y. Le
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Filamentous Foaming ◽  
Nocardia Amarae

Of five major secondary sewage treatment works surveyed during 1993 in Hong Kong, two had frequent foaming in the activated sludge plants which resulted in unmanageable operational problems. In this study, branched-filamentous Nocardia amarae was identified as the main causative bacteria in foaming sludges. In vitro studies showed that fatty acids that are commonly found in municipal sewage could be utilized by N. amarae as the sole carbon source, and presence of these fatty acids in sewage could stimulate growth.

Treatment of wastewater containing high phenol concentrations using stabilisation ponds enriched with activated sludge

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Ramos ◽  
J.L. Dávila ◽  
F. Esparza ◽  
F. Thalasso ◽  
J. Alba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Treatment of wastewater containing high phenol concentrations (up to 4,000 mg/l, 1,600 kg/ha.d) in laboratory-scale stabilisation ponds enriched with activated sludge was studied. Phenol was biodegraded efficiently, even when fed as the sole carbon source. At influent concentrations of 1,000, 1,300, 1,600, 1,900, 2,500, 3,000 and 4,000 mg/l of phenol (loading rates of 400, 520, 640, 760, 1,000, 1,200 and 1,600 kg phenol/ha.d), the phenol removal efficiencies were 92, 89, 81, 81, 76, 65 and 22%, respectively. At 4,000 mg/l of phenol, the enriched ponds were significantly inhibited. The maximum phenol removal rate observed was 780 kg/ha.d, which is 7.7 times higher than the maximum value reported for attached-growth waste stabilisation ponds. All along the experiments, the enriched ponds showed removal rates 1.8–20.5 times higher than the values observed in control pond (not enriched). The results suggest that enrichment is an effective method to increase xenobiotic removal rates of stabilisation ponds.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by Cupriavidus sp. DT-1 in liquid and soil enviroments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Lu ◽  
Ai-min Liu ◽  
Hong-ming Liu ◽  
Jian-zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Viability Test ◽  
Fluorescent Marker ◽  
Maleamic Acid

Abstract The bactrial strain Cupriavidus sp. DT-1 can degrade 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and transform it into 2-hydroxypyridine (2-HP). This is a unique degradation pathway of TCP but incomplete. In the present study, strain DT-1 could degrade 2-HP at a high concentration 500 mg/L and use it as sole carbon source for growth. Three metabolites (nicotine blue, maleamic acid and fumaric acid) were detected in the medium and the complete degradation pathway of TCP was derived. Inoculation of TCP-contaminated soils with strain DT-1 resulted in a degradation rate 94.4% and 86.7% as compared to 20.4% and 28.4% in uninoculated soils, respectively. Fluorescent marker gene gfp was introduced into strain DT-1 and a new strain DT-1- gfp was created, viability test showed the strain could survive well in soils for more than 35 d. This finding suggests that strain DT-1 has potential for use in bioremediation of TCP-contaminated environments.

scholarly journals Cinnamic Acid, an Autoinducer of Its Own Biosynthesis, Is Processed via Hca Enzymes in Photorhabdus luminescens

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1717-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Chalabaev ◽  
Evelyne Turlin ◽  
Sylvie Bay ◽  
Christelle Ganneau ◽  
Emma Brito-Fravallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens

ABSTRACT Photorhabdus luminescens, an entomopathogenic bacterium and nematode symbiont, has homologues of the Hca and Mhp enzymes. In Escherichia coli, these enzymes catalyze the degradation of the aromatic compounds 3-phenylpropionate (3PP) and cinnamic acid (CA) and allow the use of 3PP as sole carbon source. P. luminescens is not able to use 3PP and CA as sole carbon sources but can degrade them. Hca dioxygenase is involved in this degradation pathway. P. luminescens synthesizes CA from phenylalanine via a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and degrades it via the not-yet-characterized biosynthetic pathway of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene (ST) antibiotic. CA induces its own synthesis by enhancing the expression of the stlA gene that codes for PAL. P. luminescens bacteria release endogenous CA into the medium at the end of exponential growth and then consume it. Hca dioxygenase is involved in the consumption of endogenous CA but is not required for ST production. This suggests that CA is consumed via at least two separate pathways in P. luminescens: the biosynthesis of ST and a pathway involving the Hca and Mhp enzymes.

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