Minerals in drinking water: impacts on taste and importance to consumer health

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Whelton ◽  
A.M. Dietrich ◽  
G.A. Burlingame ◽  
M. Schechs ◽  
S.E. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water Taste ◽  
Human Sense

More than 100 years of research has focused on removing acute and chronic health threats to produce safe drinking water, but limited research has focused the consequences of removing minerals that affect drinking water taste and health. This paper covers the human sense of taste, typical variations in drinking water taste, comparisons of global taste standards, the role of water chemistry and future research needs for understanding consumer preference. Results of several consumer tap and bottled water acceptability investigations conducted by the authors are presented.

ROLE OF SCIENCE IN POLICY, SYSTEMS STRENGTHENING AND SUSTAINABLE SERVICE DELIVERY OF ARSENIC SAFE DRINKING WATER

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prosun Bhattacharya ◽  
◽  
Md. Tahmidul Islam ◽  
Dara Johnston ◽  
Nargis Akter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Policy Systems

scholarly journals Cyber-Flirting: An Examination of Men's and Women's Flirting Behaviour Both Offline and on the Internet

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica T. Whitty
Keyword(s):  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Online Interactions

AbstractWhile flirting is a relatively underresearched area within psychology, even less is known about how people cyber-flirt. This paper explores how often individuals flirt offline compared to online. Moreover, it attempts to examine how men and women flirt within these different spaces. Five thousand, six hundred and ninety-seven individuals, of which 3554 (62%) were women and 2143 (38%) were men, completed a survey about their flirting behaviour both in face-to-face interactions and in chatrooms. The first hypothesis, which stated that the body would be used to flirt with as frequently online as offline, was partly supported. However, it was found that individuals downplayed the importance of physical attractiveness online. Women flirted by displaying nonverbal signals (offline) or substitutes for nonverbal cues (online), to a greater extent than men. In chatrooms men were more likely than women to initiate contact. It is concluded that cyber-flirting is more than simply a meeting of minds and that future research needs to consider the role of the body in online interactions.

Longitudinal Pathways to Influenza Vaccination Vary With Socio-Structural Disadvantages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bita Fayaz Farkhad ◽  
Alexander Karan ◽  
Dolores Albarracín
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Vaccination Knowledge ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Abstract Background Although influenza vaccination can prevent influenza-related deaths, uptake remains low, particularly in disadvantaged populations. Purpose A theoretical model of psychological pathways to vaccination accounting for the direct and moderating role of socio-structural factors was tested. The study sought to understand the joint contributions of psychological (i.e., knowledge, attitudes, and intention) and socio-structural factors (i.e., income, education, and insurance) to influenza vaccination, prospectively. Methods A nationally representative empaneled sample of over 3,000 U.S. adults answered questions about vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and intentions, as well as actual vaccination across five timepoints from September 2018 to May 2019. Socio-structural factors were examined as moderators. Results Findings revealed strong positive associations between knowledge and attitudes, attitudes and intentions, as well as intentions and subsequent vaccination. Importantly, health insurance moderated the associations between attitudes and intentions and between intentions and vaccination, such that those without insurance had weaker associations between attitudes and intentions and between intentions and vaccination. In addition, education moderated the path from knowledge to attitude and from intentions to vaccination, such that people with lower educational attainment had weaker associations between knowledge and attitudes and between intentions and vaccination. Conclusions Socio-structural factors act as barriers to the influence of knowledge on attitudes, attitudes on intentions, and intentions on behavior. Future research needs to be mindful of the specific paths disrupted by social disadvantages and examine ways to intervene to decrease those effects.

scholarly journals Ensuring safe drinking water in regional NSW: the role of regulation

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Byleveld ◽  
Michelle A. Cretikos ◽  
Sandy D. Leask ◽  
David N. Durrheim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water

scholarly journals Critical Review: Propensity of Premise Plumbing Pipe Materials to Enhance or Diminish Growth of Legionella and Other Opportunistic Pathogens

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Abraham C. Cullom ◽  
Rebekah L. Martin ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Krista Williams ◽  
Amanda Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Premise Plumbing ◽  
Pipe Materials

Growth of Legionella pneumophila and other opportunistic pathogens (OPs) in drinking water premise plumbing poses an increasing public health concern. Premise plumbing is constructed of a variety of materials, creating complex environments that vary chemically, microbiologically, spatially, and temporally in a manner likely to influence survival and growth of OPs. Here we systematically review the literature to critically examine the varied effects of common metallic (copper, iron) and plastic (PVC, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)) pipe materials on factors influencing OP growth in drinking water, including nutrient availability, disinfectant levels, and the composition of the broader microbiome. Plastic pipes can leach organic carbon, but demonstrate a lower disinfectant demand and fewer water chemistry interactions. Iron pipes may provide OPs with nutrients directly or indirectly, exhibiting a high disinfectant demand and potential to form scales with high surface areas suitable for biofilm colonization. While copper pipes are known for their antimicrobial properties, evidence of their efficacy for OP control is inconsistent. Under some circumstances, copper’s interactions with premise plumbing water chemistry and resident microbes can encourage growth of OPs. Plumbing design, configuration, and operation can be manipulated to control such interactions and health outcomes. Influences of pipe materials on OP physiology should also be considered, including the possibility of influencing virulence and antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, all known pipe materials have a potential to either stimulate or inhibit OP growth, depending on the circumstances. This review delineates some of these circumstances and informs future research and guidance towards effective deployment of pipe materials for control of OPs.

scholarly journals Fe0/H2O Filtration Systems for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water: Where to from Here?

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Nanseu-Njiki ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Martin Pengou ◽  
Mohammad Rahman ◽  
Chicgoua Noubactep
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Corrosion ◽  
Small Communities

Inadequate access to safe drinking water is one of the most pervasive problems currently afflicting the developing world. Scientists and engineers are called to present affordable but efficient solutions, particularly applicable to small communities. Filtration systems based on metallic iron (Fe0) are discussed in the literature as one such viable solution, whether as a stand-alone system or as a complement to slow sand filters (SSFs). Fe0 filters can also be improved by incorporating biochar to form Fe0-biochar filtration systems with potentially higher contaminant removal efficiencies than those based on Fe0 or biochar alone. These three low-cost and chemical-free systems (Fe0, biochar, SSFs) have the potential to provide universal access to safe drinking water. However, a well-structured systematic research is needed to design robust and efficient water treatment systems based on these affordable filter materials. This communication highlights the technology being developed to use Fe0-based systems for decentralized safe drinking water provision. Future research directions for the design of the next generation Fe0-based systems are highlighted. It is shown that Fe0 enhances the efficiency of SSFs, while biochar has the potential to alleviate the loss of porosity and uncertainties arising from the non-linear kinetics of iron corrosion. Fe0-based systems are an affordable and applicable technology for small communities in low-income countries, which could contribute to attaining self-reliance in clean water supply and universal public health.

The role of the land surface in Sahelian climate: HAPEX-Sahel results and future research needs

1997 ◽  
Vol 188-189 ◽  
pp. 1067-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Dolman ◽  
J.H.C. Gash ◽  
J.-P. Goutorbe ◽  
Y. Kerr ◽  
T. Lebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host–pathogen system

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. RENWICK ◽  
P. C. L. WHITE ◽  
R. G. BENGIS
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Transmission Modes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Kafue Lechwe ◽  
Utilization Patterns

SUMMARYThis review examines the current situation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in southern African savannah systems, and uses theory on multi-species host–pathogen systems to suggest possible options for future research and management. In southern Africa, the buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the Kafue lechwe [Marsh antelope] (Kobus leche) have been found to be maintenance hosts for this disease, but the importance of other host species is becoming apparent. The role of other host species in the maintenance and spread of the disease varies, depending on the spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns of the species, disease susceptibility, transmission modes and the ecology of both host(s) and vector(s). Future research needs to identify the pathogenicity of bTB in each of the host species, and the mechanisms and rates of inter- and intra-specific transmission among different species, in order to develop multi-host models to understand the development and spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Assessing the Infection Burden and Associated Risk Factors in Children under 5 Across Jaipur's Urban Slums: A Feasibility Study Using a One Health Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Manikam ◽  
Spencer Rutherford ◽  
David Emes ◽  
Meghan Cupp ◽  
Radhika Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
One Health ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Children Under 5

Purpose: Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death among children under five (U5s) both in India and globally. This is worse in slum environments with poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), good nutrition and a safe built environment. Globally, a One Health (i.e. human, animal and environment) approach is increasingly advocated for by the WHO-FAO-OIE tripartite to reduce infections and antimicrobial resistance. As under-5s living in peri-urban slums are exposed to household- and community-owned companion and livestock animals and pests, the CHIP consortium hypothesised that employing a One Health approach to co-produce behavioural change and slum upgrading interventions may reduce this burden where other WASH and nutrition interventions have failed. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of employing a One Health approach to assess under-5 infection and risk factor prevalence in Jaipurs peri-urban slums, prior to undertaking prospective cohort studies involving culture and culture-independent sampling of under-5s and animals across our study sites in Jaipur (Rajasthan, India), Jakarta (Indonesia) and Antofagasta (Chile). Methods: We administered a rapid household survey to 25 purposively selected households across six slums in Jaipur. The questionnaire used evaluated infection prevalence, healthseeking behaviours, the built environment, the presence of companion and livestock animals and pests, and individual- and household-level demographics. We displayed the correlations between infection incidence and a range of factors in our sample, and displayed the portion of children under 5 who experienced one or multiple episodes of ill health, categorised by a range of One Health factors. Results: Parents reported at least one recent episode of ill health for a large portion (40%) of under-5s within the last 30 days. 80% of under-5s had no access to safe drinking water; every household reported the presence of at least one kind of pest within the respondents own home; and 20% of under-5s feeding equipment was cleaned with water only. Only one household reported owning a companion or livestock animal, potentially reflecting confusion about the definition of these animals. The incidence of infection appeared to be related to WASH and socio-economic factors as expected. Conclusion: Safe drinking water, pest control and behavioural change surrounding the cleaning of under-5 feeding equipment should be given consideration in future research in this locale. Future studies should not rely solely on parent reporting of childrens symptoms cross referencing symptom reporting from multiple household members should be combined with culture and culture-independent sampling. Where possible, researchers should measure the presence of companion and livestock animals directly to avoid misinterpretation and to observe practices rather than relying on reporting alone.

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