Atmospheric fluxes of nutrients onto Singapore Strait

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2287-2295 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sundarambal ◽  
R. Balasubramanian ◽  
P. Tkalich
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate

In view of recurring forest fires in Southeast Asia (SEA) on a large scale and the abundant rainfall in this tropical region, atmospheric fallout of airborne particles i.e. dry atmospheric deposition (DAD) and wet atmospheric deposition (WAD) of nutrients to the ocean surface are thought to be significant. Currently, limited data sets of atmospheric deposition (AD) exist for tropical ecosystems in the region. Furthermore, there is a lack of reliable experimental data on AD of nitrogen (N) & phosphorus (P) in tropical environments. It is therefore imperative to quantify the AD of macro-nutrients, N and P species in order to estimate their impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, field measurements of nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, total N (TN), phosphate and total P (TP) were made, in both airborne particulate matter and precipitation, from January 2006 to July 2006 in Singapore. These measurements were done to characterize and estimate the difference between DAD and WAD fluxes of N & P to coastal waters. The estimated loadings from DAD and WAD (g/m2/year) of TN were 1.011±0.441 and 7.052±4.34 and those of TP were 0.187±0.16 and 0.532±0.524, respectively. This investigation represents a baseline study to access environmental effects of AD of nutrients on the coastal aquatic ecosystem.

scholarly journals Impact of biomass burning on surface water quality in Southeast Asia through atmospheric deposition: field observations

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 7745-7778
Author(s):  
P. Sundarambal ◽  
R. Balasubramanian ◽  
P. Tkalich ◽  
J. He
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atmospheric Nutrients

Abstract. Atmospheric nutrients have recently gained attention as a significant additional source of new nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading to the ocean. The effect of atmospheric N on marine productivity depends on the biological availability of both inorganic and organic N and P forms. During October 2006, the regional smoke haze episode in Southeast Asia (SEA) that resulted from uncontrolled forest fires in Sumatra and Borneo blanketed large tracts of the region. In this work, we determined the composition of nutrients in aerosols and rainwater during haze and non-haze periods to assess their impacts on aquatic ecosystem in SEA for the first time. We compared atmospheric dry and wet deposition of N and P species in aerosol and rainwater in Singapore between haze and non haze periods. Air mass back trajectories showed that large-scale forest and peat fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan were a significant source of atmospheric nutrients to aquatic environments in Singapore and SEA region on hazy days. It was observed that the average concentrations of nutrients increased approximately by a factor of 3 to 8 on hazy days when compared with non-hazy days. The mean dry atmospheric fluxes (g/m2/year) of TN and TP observed during hazy and non-hazy days were 4.77±0.775 and 0.3±0.082, and 0.91±0.471 and 0.046±0.01, respectively. The mean wet deposition fluxes (g/m2/year) of TN and TP were 12.2±3.53 and 0.726±0.074, and 2.71±0.989 and 0.144±0.06 for hazy and non-hazy days, respectively. The occurrences of higher concentrations of nutrients from atmospheric deposition during smoke haze episodes may have adverse consequences on receiving aquatic ecosystems with cascading impacts on water quality.

Fluxes of undissociated acids to terrestrial ecosystems by atmospheric deposition

Tellus B ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Schaefer ◽  
S. E. Lindberg ◽  
W. A. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems

scholarly journals Combined Block Adjustment for Optical Satellite Stereo Imagery Assisted by Spaceborne SAR and Laser Altimetry Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3062
Author(s):  
Guo Zhang ◽  
Boyang Jiang ◽  
Taoyang Wang ◽  
Yuanxin Ye ◽  
Xin Li
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Image Process ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Altimetry Data ◽  
Laser Altimetry

To ensure the accuracy of large-scale optical stereo image bundle block adjustment, it is necessary to provide well-distributed ground control points (GCPs) with high accuracy. However, it is difficult to acquire control points through field measurements outside the country. Considering the high planimetric accuracy of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and the high elevation accuracy of satellite-based laser altimetry data, this paper proposes an adjustment method that combines both as control sources, which can be independent from GCPs. Firstly, the SAR digital orthophoto map (DOM)-based planar control points (PCPs) acquisition is realized by multimodal matching, then the laser altimetry data are filtered to obtain laser altimetry points (LAPs), and finally the optical stereo images’ combined adjustment is conducted. The experimental results of Ziyuan-3 (ZY-3) images prove that this method can achieve an accuracy of 7 m in plane and 3 m in elevation after adjustment without relying on GCPs, which lays the technical foundation for a global-scale satellite image process.

Snowflakes in the atmospheric surface layer: observation of particle–turbulence dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 814 ◽  
pp. 592-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andras Nemes ◽  
Teja Dasari ◽  
Jiarong Hong ◽  
Michele Guala ◽  
Filippo Coletti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Isotropic Turbulence ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Stokes Number ◽  
Inertial Particles ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Scale Particle ◽  
Particle Imaging

We report on optical field measurements of snow settling in atmospheric turbulence at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=940$. It is found that the snowflakes exhibit hallmark features of inertial particles in turbulence. The snow motion is analysed in both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks by large-scale particle imaging, while sonic anemometry is used to characterize the flow field. Additionally, the snowflake size and morphology are assessed by digital in-line holography. The low volume fraction and mass loading imply a one-way interaction with the turbulent air. Acceleration probability density functions show wide exponential tails consistent with laboratory and numerical studies of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Invoking the assumption that the particle acceleration has a stronger dependence on the Stokes number than on the specific features of the turbulence (e.g. precise Reynolds number and large-scale anisotropy), we make inferences on the snowflakes’ aerodynamic response time. In particular, we observe that their acceleration distribution is consistent with that of particles of Stokes number in the range $St=0.1{-}0.4$ based on the Kolmogorov time scale. The still-air terminal velocities estimated for the resulting range of aerodynamic response times are significantly smaller than the measured snow particle fall speed. This is interpreted as a manifestation of settling enhancement by turbulence, which is observed here for the first time in a natural setting.

Correspondence between Site Amplification and Topographical, Geological Parameters: Collation of Data from Swiss and Japanese Stations, and Neural Networks-Based Prediction of Local Response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bergamo ◽  
Conny Hammer ◽  
Donat Fäh
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Digital Elevation

ABSTRACT We address the relation between seismic local amplification and topographical and geological indicators describing the site morphology. We focus on parameters that can be derived from layers of diffuse information (e.g., digital elevation models, geological maps) and do not require in situ surveys; we term these parameters as “indirect” proxies, as opposed to “direct” indicators (e.g., f0, VS30) derived from field measurements. We first compiled an extensive database of indirect parameters covering 142 and 637 instrumented sites in Switzerland and Japan, respectively; we collected topographical indicators at various spatial extents and focused on shared features in the geological descriptions of the two countries. We paired this proxy database with a companion dataset of site amplification factors at 10 frequencies within 0.5–20 Hz, empirically measured at the same Swiss and Japanese stations. We then assessed the robustness of the correlation between individual site-condition indicators and local response by means of statistical analyses; we also compared the proxy-site amplification relations at Swiss versus Japanese sites. Finally, we tested the prediction of site amplification by feeding ensembles of indirect parameters to a neural network (NN) structure. The main results are: (1) indirect indicators show higher correlation with site amplification in the low-frequency range (0.5–3.33 Hz); (2) topographical parameters primarily relate to local response not because of topographical amplification effects but because topographical features correspond to the properties of the subsurface, hence to stratigraphic amplification; (3) large-scale topographical indicators relate to low-frequency response, smaller-scale to higher-frequency response; (4) site amplification versus indirect proxy relations show a more marked regional variability when compared with direct indicators; and (5) the NN-based prediction of site response is the best achieved in the 1.67–5 Hz band, with both geological and topographical proxies provided as input; topographical indicators alone perform better than geological parameters.

scholarly journals Mapping ionospheric backscatter measured by the SuperDARN HF radars – Part 2: Assessing SuperDARN virtual height models

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Yeoman ◽  
G. Chisham ◽  
L. J. Baddeley ◽  
R. S. Dhillon ◽  
T. J. T. Karhunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Hf Radar ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Angle Of Arrival ◽  
Virtual Height ◽  
F Region ◽  
Propagation Paths

Abstract. The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) network of HF coherent backscatter radars form a unique global diagnostic of large-scale ionospheric and magnetospheric dynamics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Currently the ground projections of the HF radar returns are routinely determined by a simple rangefinding algorithm, which takes no account of the prevailing, or indeed the average, HF propagation conditions. This is in spite of the fact that both direct E- and F-region backscatter and 1½-hop E- and F-region backscatter are commonly used in geophysical interpretation of the data. In a companion paper, Chisham et al. (2008) have suggested a new virtual height model for SuperDARN, based on average measured propagation paths. Over shorter propagation paths the existing rangefinding algorithm is adequate, but mapping errors become significant for longer paths where the roundness of the Earth becomes important, and a correct assumption of virtual height becomes more difficult. The SuperDARN radar at Hankasalmi has a propagation path to high power HF ionospheric modification facilities at both Tromsø on a ½-hop path and SPEAR on a 1½-hop path. The SuperDARN radar at Þykkvibǽr has propagation paths to both facilities over 1½-hop paths. These paths provide an opportunity to quantitatively test the available SuperDARN virtual height models. It is also possible to use HF radar backscatter which has been artificially induced by the ionospheric heaters as an accurate calibration point for the Hankasalmi elevation angle of arrival data, providing a range correction algorithm for the SuperDARN radars which directly uses elevation angle. These developments enable the accurate mappings of the SuperDARN electric field measurements which are required for the growing number of multi-instrument studies of the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere.

scholarly journals Environmental controls on the increasing GPP of terrestrial vegetation across northern Eurasia

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dass ◽  
M. A. Rawlins ◽  
J. S. Kimball ◽  
Y. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
The South ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Significant Negative Impact

Abstract. Terrestrial ecosystems of northern Eurasia are demonstrating an increasing gross primary productivity (GPP), yet few studies have provided definitive attribution for the changes. While prior studies point to increasing temperatures as the principle environmental control, influences from moisture and other factors are less clear. We assess how changes in temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and forest fires individually contribute to changes in GPP derived from satellite data across northern Eurasia using a light-use- efficiency-based model, for the period 1982–2010. We find that annual satellite-derived GPP is most sensitive to the temperature, precipitation and cloudiness of summer, which is the peak of the growing season and also the period of the year when the GPP trend is maximum. Considering the regional median, the summer temperature explains as much as 37.7 % of the variation in annual GPP, while precipitation and cloudiness explain 20.7 and 19.3 %. Warming over the period analysed, even without a sustained increase in precipitation, led to a significant positive impact on GPP for 61.7 % of the region. However, a significant negative impact on GPP was also found, for 2.4 % of the region, primarily the dryer grasslands in the south-west of the study area. For this region, precipitation positively correlates with GPP, as does cloudiness. This shows that the south-western part of northern Eurasia is relatively more vulnerable to drought than other areas. While our results further advance the notion that air temperature is the dominant environmental control for recent GPP increases across northern Eurasia, the role of precipitation and cloudiness can not be ignored.

Measurements of Secondary Flows Downstream of a Turbine Cascade at Off-Design Incidence

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Benner ◽  
S. A. Sjolander ◽  
S. H. Moustapha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Inviscid Flow ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Empirical Prediction ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Passage Vortex

This paper presents experimental results of the secondary flows from two large-scale, low-speed, linear turbine cascades for which the incidence was varied. The aerofoils for the two cascades were designed for the same inlet and outlet conditions and differed mainly in their leading-edge geometries. Detailed flow field measurements were made upstream and downstream of the cascades and static pressure distributions were measured on the blade surfaces for three different values of incidence: 0, +10 and +20 degrees. The results from this experiment indicate that the strength of the passage vortex does not continue to increase with incidence, as would be expected from inviscid flow theory. The streamwise acceleration within the aerofoil passage seems to play an important role in influencing the strength of the vortex. The most recent off-design secondary loss correlation (Moustapha et al. [1]) includes leading-edge diameter as an influential correlating parameter. The correlation predicts that the secondary losses for the aerofoil with the larger leading-edge diameter are lower at off-design incidence; however, the opposite is observed experimentally. The loss results at high positive incidence have also high-lighted some serious shortcomings with the conventional method of loss decomposition. An empirical prediction method for secondary losses has been developed and will be presented in a subsequent paper.

scholarly journals Fractal properties of forest fires in Amazonia as a basis for modelling pan-tropical burnt area

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1449-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Fletcher ◽  
L. E. O. C. Aragão ◽  
A. Lima ◽  
Y. Shimabukuro ◽  
P. Friedlingstein
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fractal Properties ◽  
Dynamic Global Vegetation Models ◽  
Vegetation Models ◽  
Global Vegetation

Abstract. Current methods for modelling burnt area in dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) involve complex fire spread calculations, which rely on many inputs, including fuel characteristics, wind speed and countless parameters. They are therefore susceptible to large uncertainties through error propagation, but undeniably useful for modelling specific, small-scale burns. Using observed fractal distributions of fire scars in Brazilian Amazonia in 2005, we propose an alternative burnt area model for tropical forests, with fire counts as sole input and few parameters. This model is intended for predicting large-scale burnt area rather than looking at individual fire events. A simple parameterization of a tapered fractal distribution is calibrated at multiple spatial resolutions using a satellite-derived burnt area map. The model is capable of accurately reproducing the total area burnt (16 387 km2) and its spatial distribution. When tested pan-tropically using the MODIS MCD14ML active fire product, the model accurately predicts temporal and spatial fire trends, but the magnitude of the differences between these estimates and the GFED3.1 burnt area products varies per continent.

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