Greywater reuse through a bioretention system prototype in the arid region

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2201-2211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rezaul K. Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Bioretention System ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
The Arid Regions ◽  
System Prototype ◽  
Vegetative System

The concept of a greywater-fed bioretention system in arid regions was investigated in this study. Bioretention systems are conventionally used as a source control mechanism for urban runoff. Nevertheless, in arid regions, where rain and urban runoff are not an abundant water resource, their application is limited. Greywater (residential wastewater without toilet and kitchen sources) is comparatively less polluted and has the potential for reuse in irrigation and non-potable water uses. However, selection of an appropriate treatment is a challenge. A prototype bioretention system was made and its ability to improve greywater quality was monitored for more than 10 consecutive days. A vegetative and non-vegetative system were monitored separately. After 24 hours of retention in both systems, greywater quality was improved significantly. Both systems performed almost equally well; however, the vegetative system (with canary reed grass, Phalaris arundinacea) was found to be more effective in reducing the sodium and chemical oxygen demand contents. The study revealed that the concept of the greywater-fed bioretention system has the potential to add multi-functional benefits (greywater treatment, water conservation, landscape aesthetic and biodiversity) to the arid regions’ urban environment.

Incorporating concepts from physical theory into stochastic modelling of urban runoff pollution

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Morten Grum
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
Deterministic Modelling ◽  
Runoff Pollution

On evaluating the present or future state of integrated urban water systems, sewer drainage models, with rainfall as primary input, are often used to calculate the expected return periods of given detrimental acute pollution events and the uncertainty thereof. The model studied in the present paper incorporates notions of physical theory in a stochastic model of water level and particulate chemical oxygen demand (COD) at the overflow point of a Dutch combined sewer system. A stochastic model based on physical mechanisms has been formulated in continuous time. The extended Kalman filter has been used in conjunction with a maximum likelihood criteria and a non-linear state space formulation to decompose the error term into system noise terms and measurement errors. The bias generally obtained in deterministic modelling, by invariably and often inappropriately assuming all error to result from measurement inaccuracies, is thus avoided. Continuous time stochastic modelling incorporating physical, chemical and biological theory presents a possible modelling alternative. These preliminary results suggest that further work is needed in order to fully appreciate the method's potential and limitations in the field of urban runoff pollution modelling.

A study on the effects of urban runoff controls in the sandsli research catchment, Bergen, Norway

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 379-384
Author(s):  
Sveinn T. Thorolfsson
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Urban Stormwater Management ◽  
Water Conditions

This paper describes a case study on a new alternative drainage system for urban stormwater management, the so-called “Sandsli-system”. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Sandsli system and the effects of the solution on ground water conditions. The study is carried out in the Sandsli research catchment in Bergen, Norway. The idea behind the “Sandsli-system is not to mix the polluted and the clean stormwater combined with a source control for both stormwater quantity and quality. The clean stormwater is percolated as quickly as possible, while the polluted stormwater is collected and conducted to an appropriate site for disposal or treatment. The Sandsli-system was developed as an alternative drainage system to the conventional drainage system. The system has been functioning satisfactorily since 1981 to date. The advantages of the use of the Sandsli-system is highlighted i.e. recharging the stormwater to the ground water. The Sandsli-system is appropriate to locations with climate and geology similar to that found in the coastal part of Norway

scholarly journals Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1017-1025
Author(s):  
Mohamed Réda Arhoutane ◽  
Muna Shueai Yahya ◽  
Miloud El Karbane ◽  
Kacem El Kacemi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Applied Current ◽  
Pseudo First Order Reaction ◽  
First Order ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
By Products

AbstractIn the context of environmental protection, where there is a need to develop effective operations for carrying out appropriate treatment of polluted water by pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the present study aims at evaluating the degradation for gentamicin through electro-Fenton (EF) operation, through taking into consideration the effect of several parameters of experimental in the process, namely, the concentration of initial gentamicin, the applied current and the Fe+2 (II) quantities. The (EF) operation employed involves a carbon-felt as cathode and platinum as anode at pH 3. Studies for the gentamicin kinetics is monitored by HPLC giving a pseudo-first order reaction following by a chemical oxygen demand, with a reached degree of mineralization 96% after of four hours of treatment through current 100 mA/cm2 with 0.1 mM of Fe+2. We find that the degradation for molecule of gentamicin is accompanied by an augmentation of the biodegradability, assesse through the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, that augmentation from 0 to 0.41 before treatment after 30 min for EF treatment, showing that there is potential for conjugation of the EF process and the biological process. Furthermore, the by-products have been identified on the basis of HPLC-MS/MS results.

scholarly journals Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong ZHAO ◽  
YongJie FANG ◽  
CaiXia CUI ◽  
AnNing HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
The Arid Regions

scholarly journals On the Pleistocene Snow-Line Depression in the Arid Regions of the South American Andes

1971 ◽  
Vol 10 (59) ◽  
pp. 255-267
Author(s):  
Stefan L. Hastenrath
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Temperate Latitude ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Western Cordillera ◽  
Snow Line ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Arid Regions ◽  
June July

AbstractField observations during a journey through the arid regions of the South American Andes in June-July 1969 are evaluated in conjunction with available air photographs and reports from adjacent regions of the High Andes. Results indicate an increase of the Pleistocene snow-line depression in the western Cordillera from about 700 m at lat. 12° S. to more than 1 500 m at lat. 30° S. The Pleistocene snow-line depression decreases from the Pacific to the Atlantic side of the Andes, but particularly strongly so on the poleward fringe of the arid region. From this geomorphic evidence it is suggested that the atmospheric circulation during the glacial period was characterized by an Equatorward displacement of the boundary between tropical easterlies and temperate-latitude westerlies.

СИСТЕМНОЕ РЕШЕНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ВОДООБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ОБЪЕКТОВ МЕЛИОРАТИВНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

2020 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
V.B. Zhezmer
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Arid Regions

Водообеспеченность объектов мелиоративного комплекса имеет решающее значение при обеспечении высоких и устойчивых урожаев сельскохозяйственных культур в аридных регионах страны. В статье рассмотрены способы устранения негативного влияния основных факторов, способствующих созданию дефицита воды для орошения. Проведен анализ схемы, в которой целью мероприятий является эффективное вложение средств при восстановлении элементов гидромелиоративных систем и обеспечение рационализации водопользования. Установлено, что алгоритмы и конечные выводы, подученные в ходе анализа, могут различаться в зависимости от поставленных задач и объема информации.Water availability of the reclamation complex facilities is crucial in ensuring high and sustainable crop yields in the arid regions of the country. The article discusses ways to eliminate the negative impact of the main factors contributing to the creation of a shortage of water for irrigation. The analysis of the scheme in which the purpose of the measures is an effective investment in the restoration of elements of irrigation and drainage systems and ensuring the rationalization of water use is carried out. It is established that the algorithms and final conclusions obtained during the analysis may vary depending on the tasks and the amount of information.

The genus Wellstedia (Boraginaceae: Wellstedioideae) in southern Africa

Bothalia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Retief ◽  
A. E. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Dwarf Shrub ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Strong Similarity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Northern Cape ◽  
The Arid Regions

This regional taxonomic revision of the genus  Wellstedia  Balf.f., a member of the family Boraginaceae  s.I. (including Hydrophyllaceae s.str.), is part of a series of publications on the Boraginaceae in southern Africa.  Wellstedia comprises six species, five in Socotra, Somalia and Ethiopia with the remaining one.  W. dinteri Pilg.. occurring in southern Africa.  W dinteri Pilg. subsp. dinteri occurs in Namibia and the Northern Cape, whereas the newly instated subspecies W. dinteri subsp. gracilior (D.R.Hunt) Retief A.E.van Wyk, based on W. dinteri Pilg. var. gracilior D.R.Hunt, is confined to Namibia only. The disjunct distribution of Wellstedia and numerous other plant and animal taxa between the arid regions of northeastern Africa and southern Africa is usually explained by the postulated periodic existence of an arid corridor between the two regions during the arid phases of the Pleistocene and even earlier.  Wellstedia is treated here in Wellstedioideae, a subfamily of Boraginaceae s.I. but is sometimes placed in a family of its own, Wellstediaceae Pilger. Morphologically Wellstedia displays strong similarity to genera of the Ehretioideae and also to certain members of the Hydrophyllaceae. The genus is characterized by a perennial, dwarf shrub habit, densely hairy leaves. 4-merous flowers, a terminal, bifid style and a 1- or 2-seeded capsule. A key to the two subspecies, diagnostic characters, a distribution map and illustrations of various macro- and micromorphological features are provided.

scholarly journals A Review of Central Asian Glaciochemical Data

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron P. Wake ◽  
Paul A. Mayewski ◽  
Mary Jo Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
The Arid Regions ◽  
Very High ◽  
Snow Samples

The glaciers of central Asia provide suitable locations from which to recover continuous, high-resolution glaciochemical records on a continental scale. Although the glaciochemical investigations undertaken to date in central Asia are few in number and limited in terms of spatial coverage and length of record, some preliminary observations can be made concerning regional and seasonal trends in snow chemistry in this region. The sodium chloride ratio for most snow samples collected in central Asia approaches the ratio found in sea water (0.86 in μeq kg−1), reflecting a marine source for these constituents. Sodium and chloride concentrations are, on average, 3–10 times higher in the Himalayas than in the Karakoram, demonstrating the greater influence of monsoonal sources of moisture in the Himalayas. Very high sodium concentrations from Khel Khod Glacier probably reflect a local crustal source from surrounding ice-free areas. Low nitrate concentrations were found in snow collected from the southern margin of the Himalayas and high concentrations in snow deposited on the north margin of the Himalayas. This strong regional trend in the spatial distribution of nitrate suggests the influx of continental aerosols, rich in nitrate, originating from the arid regions of central Asia. High calcium concentrations measured in snow from Mount Everest and the north-west corner of China are also indicative of dust derived from the arid regions of central Asia. Very high sulfate concentrations found in snow from the Tien Shan and the Bogda Shan most likely reflect local anthropogenic sources. The altitude effect on isotopie composition is not apparent from snow samples collected in central Asia. Understanding the processes which control the chemical content of snow, the local-to-regional scale complexities, and the seasonal variability are fundamental steps necessary to assess the potential for recovering representative long-term glaciochemical records from central Asia.

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