scholarly journals Cost comparison of full-scale water reclamation technologies with an emphasis on membrane bioreactors

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2562-2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Iglesias ◽  
Pedro Simón ◽  
Lucas Moragas ◽  
Augusto Arce ◽  
Ignasi Rodriguez-Roda
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Treatment Facilities

The paper assesses the costs of full-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX) of Spanish MBR facilities have been verified and compared to activated sludge plants (CAS) using water reclamation treatment (both conventional and advanced). Spanish MBR facilities require a production of 0.6 to 1.2 kWh per m3, while extended aeration (EA) and advanced reclamation treatment require 1.2 kWh per m3. The energy represents around 40% of the OPEX in MBRs. In terms of CAPEX, the implementation costs of a CAS facility followed by conventional water reclamation treatment (physical–chemical + sand filtration + disinfection) ranged from 730 to 850 €.m−3d, and from 1,050 to 1,250 €.m−3d in the case of advanced reclamation treatment facilities (membrane filtration) with a capacity of 8,000 to 15,000 m3d−1. The MBR cost for similar capacities ranges between 700 and 960 €.m−3d. This study shows that MBRs that have been recently installed represent a cost competitive option for water reuse applications for medium and large capacities (over 10,000 m3d−1), with similar OPEX to EA and conventional water reclamation treatment. In terms of CAPEX, MBRs are cheaper than EA, followed by advanced water reclamation treatment.

Comparison of different oxygen transfer testing procedures in full-scale membrane bioreactors

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Krause ◽  
P. Cornel ◽  
M. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Testing Procedures

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment offer the advantage of a complete removal of solids from the effluent. The secondary clarifier is replaced by a membrane filtration and therefore high biomass concentrations (MLSS) in the reactor are possible. The design of the aeration system is vital for an energy efficient operation of any wastewater treatment plant. Hence the exact measurement of oxygen transfer rates (OTR) and α-values is important. For MBRs these values reported in literature differ considerably. The OTR can be measured using non-steady state methods or using the off-gas method. The non-steady state methods additionally require the determination of the respiration rate (oxygen uptake rate ≡ OUR), which usually is measured in lab scale units. As there are differences of OUR between lab scale and full scale measurements, off-gas tests (which do not require an additional respiration test) were performed in order to compare both methods at high MLSS concentrations. Both methods result in the same average value of OTR. Due to variations in loading and wastewater composition variations of OTR in time can be pointed out using the off-gas method. For the first time a comparison of different oxygen transfer tests in full scale membrane bioreactors is presented.

Lessons learned during startup, testing and optimization of membrane bioreactors systems for enhanced nutrient removal

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Maillard ◽  
K. L. Perri ◽  
J. M. VerNooy ◽  
T. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Initial Process

Membrane bioreactors are known for producing high quality effluent from wastewater treatment facilities in order to meet stringent regulatory requirements (Fleischer et al. 2005), accommodate growth (Vadiveloo & Cisterna 2008), provide opportunities for water reuse (Schmidt et al. 2011), and achieve other operational goals for various municipalities, utilities and industries (Cummings & Frenkel 2008). The process of testing, starting up and optimizing an MBR process for enhanced nutrient removal at the end of a construction project is often overlooked. Even a well-designed MBR can fail to meet expectations if the system is not properly configured during the startup phase, making this a critical step in any successful implementation of membrane technology. The startup phase of two municipal MBR plants were compared to demonstrate the importance of various strategies for initial process optimization, with a focus on lessons learned, techniques and performance expectations that can be applied to future projects.

Considerations on the design and financial feasibility of full-scale membrane bioreactors for municipal applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2461-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Brepols ◽  
H. Schäfer ◽  
N. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Specific Investment ◽  
River Region

Based on the practical experience in design and operation of three full-scale membrane bioreactors (MBR) for municipal wastewater treatment that were commissioned since 1999, an overview on the different design concepts that were applied to the three MBR plants is given. The investment costs and the energy consumption of the MBRs and conventional activated sludge (CAS) plants (with and without tertiary treatment) in the Erft river region are compared. It is found that the specific investment costs of the MBR plants are lower than those of comparable CAS with tertiary treatment. A comparison of the specific energy demand of MBRs and conventional WWTPs is given. The structure of the MBRs actual operational costs is analysed. It can be seen that energy consumption is only responsible for one quarter to one third of all operational expenses. Based on a rough design and empirical cost data, a cost comparison of a full-scale MBR and a CAS is carried out. In this example the CAS employs a sand filtration and a disinfection in order to achieve comparable effluent quality. The influence of membrane lifetime on life cycle cost is assessed.

Investigation of oxygen transfer rates in full scale membrane bioreactors

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cornel ◽  
M. Wagner ◽  
S. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
A Value ◽  
Aeration System

In membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment the secondary clarifier is replaced by a membrane filtration. The advantage of this process is a complete removal of solids from the effluent and a small footprint due to possible high biomass concentrations (MLSS). As oxygen supply counts for more than 70% of total energy cost in municipal WWTPs the design of the aeration system is vital for efficient operation. In this respect the a-value is an important influencing factor. The a-value depends on the MLSS-concentration as shown in various publications and confirmed by own measurements in two full scale municipal MBRs with MLSS ranging from 7 and 17 kg/m3. Furthermore it must be taken into account that a-values are not static values; they vary with loading rates, surfactant concentrations, air flow rates, MLSS concentrations, etc. The average a-value at typical 12 kg/m3 MLSS for municipal MBRs is about 0.6 ± 0.1. As submerged configured MBRs are equipped with an additional coarse bubble “crossflow” aeration system for fouling control, supplementary energy is consumed. Therefore MBRs need more energy compared to conventional treatment plants. Measurements of both aeration systems show that the fine bubble aeration system is more efficient by a factor of three concerning oxygen supply compared to the coarse bubble system.

Determining Major Denitrifiers and Major Physicochemical and Operational Factors Influencing their Performance in a Full-Scale Water Reclamation Plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (14) ◽  
pp. 4117-4129
Author(s):  
Betty H Olson ◽  
Tongzhou Wang ◽  
Pitiporn Asvapathanagul ◽  
Diego Rosso ◽  
Phillip B Gedalanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Operational Factors

Core nitrogen cycle of biofoulant in full-scale anoxic & oxic biofilm-membrane bioreactors treating textile wastewater

2021 ◽  
pp. 124667
Author(s):  
Lijie Zhou ◽  
Bikai Zhao ◽  
Pingxiang Ou ◽  
Wenyu Zhang ◽  
Haixiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Full Scale

Demonstrating organic contaminant removal in an ozone-based water reuse process at full scale

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Blackbeard ◽  
James Lloyd ◽  
Mirela Magyar ◽  
John Mieog ◽  
Karl G. Linden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Organic Contaminant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Class A ◽  
The City

The 350 ML per d Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP) tertiary facility produces “Class A” water for the city of Melbourne, Australia, which is used for irrigation, dual reticulation and fire fighting.

Research on in situ continuous off-line chemical cleaning in full-scale membrane bioreactors

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Liu ◽  
Jin Tian ◽  
Chunhui Luo ◽  
Chunsheng Chen ◽  
Jicheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Chemical Cleaning

Water reclamation and reuse criteria in the U.S.

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Crook ◽  
Rao Y. Surampalli
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

Increasing demands on water resources for domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural purposes have made water reclamation and reuse an attractive option for conserving and extending available water supplies. Also, many water reuse projects are implemented to eliminate a source of contamination in surface waters or as a least-cost alternative to meeting stringent discharge requirements. Reclaimed water applications range from pasture irrigation to augmentation of potable water supplies. Water reclamation and reuse criteria are principally directed at health protection. There are no federal regulations governing water reuse in the U.S.; hence, the regulatory burden rests with the individual states. This has resulted in differing standards among states that have developed criteria. This paper summarizes and compares the criteria from some states that have developed comprehensive regulations. Guidelines published by the US. EPA and the rationale behind them are presented for numerous types of reclaimed water applications.

scholarly journals Removal Characteristics of N-Nitrosamines and Their Precursors by Pilot-Scale Integrated Membrane Systems for Water Reuse

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Takeuchi ◽  
Naoyuki Yamashita ◽  
Norihide Nakada ◽  
Hiroaki Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Chemical Cleaning ◽  
Ro Membrane ◽  
Feed Water Temperature

This study investigated the removal characteristics of N-Nitrosamines and their precursors at three pilot-scale water reclamation plants. These plants applies different integrated membrane systems: (1) microfiltration (MF)/nanofiltration (NF)/reverse osmosis (RO) membrane; (2) sand filtration/three-stage RO; and (3) ultrafiltration (UF)/NF and UF/RO. Variable removal of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by the RO processes could be attributed to membrane fouling and the feed water temperature. The effect of membrane fouling on N-Nitrosamine removal was extensively evaluated at one of the plants by conducting one month of operation and chemical cleaning of the RO element. Membrane fouling enhanced N-Nitrosamine removal by the pilot-scale RO process. This finding contributes to better understanding of the variable removal of NDMA by RO processes. This study also investigated the removal characteristics of N-Nitrosamine precursors. The NF and RO processes greatly reduced NDMA formation potential (FP), but the UF process had little effect. The contributions of MF, NF, and RO processes for reducing FPs of NDMA, N-Nitrosopyrrolidine and N-Nitrosodiethylamine were different, suggesting different size distributions of their precursors.

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