STAROPOLSKIE ŹRÓDŁA ROMANTYCZNEGO OBRAZU PODOLA (WYBRANE PRZYKŁADY)

Old-Polish Sources of the Romantic Image of Podolia The article considers romantic preoccupations with the traditions of the Polish Republic of Nobles. The author indicates how the Romanticism authors reached out to the history of Podolia and how literary images of Podolia are rooted in texts from older periods. She never points to individual Old-Polish texts quoted by nineteenth-century authors; she highlights, instead, how Old-Polish literature dealing with Podolia and certain anti-Turkish texts inspired Romantic authors in general. The author pays particular attention to selected motifs from Old-Polish literature that used to be employed in Romantic texts to create historical image of Podolia; among these one can distinguish such motifs as the utility of Podolian lush nature, Turkish captivity (“jasyr”), Polish-Lithuanian Eastern borderlands knight, and the soil that is fecund yet scorched by war. The article discusses sixteenth- and seventeenth-century authors, including Bartosz Paprocki, Piotr Gorczyn, and Marcin Paszkowski as well as Romantic writers such as Maurycy Gosławski, Tymon Zaborowski, and Seweryn Groza.

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Hymnody and Liturgy

The Oxford Handbook of Presbyterianism ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190608392.013.36 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 491-506

Author(s):

Jonathan Hehn

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

North American ◽

John Calvin ◽

Church Of Scotland ◽

Metrical Psalmody ◽

History Of ◽

The Church

This chapter outlines the history of Presbyterian worship practice from the sixteenth century to the present, with a focus on North American Presbyterians. Tracing both their hymnody and their liturgy ultimately to John Calvin, Presbyterian communions have a distinct heritage of worship inherited from the Church of Scotland via seventeenth-century Puritans. Long marked by metrical psalmody and guided by the Westminster Directory, Presbyterian worship underwent substantial changes in the nineteenth century. Evangelical and liturgical movements led Presbyterians away from a Puritan visual aesthetic, into the use of nonscriptural hymnody, and toward a recovery of liturgical books. Mainline North American and Scottish Presbyterians solidified these trends in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; however, conservative North American denominations and some other denominations globally continue to rely heavily on the use of a worship directory and metrical psalmody.

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The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the ‘Bashmuric Dialect’

Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt ◽

10.5743/cairo/9789774167775.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Frank Feder

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Fourteenth Century ◽

History Of ◽

Christian Population

This chapter examines the history of the famous Bashmuric revolts and introduces the so-called Bashmuric dialect of Coptic. The Bashmuric revolts were recorded by Coptic and Arabic medieval historians and became known to European scholars as early as the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the eighth and ninth centuries, the population of the Delta revolted very successfully for a longer period against the Arab rule and administration. Historians and the History of the Patriarchs attributed the revolts to the insupportable fiscal demands and unjust treatment of the Christian population by the Muslim governors (walis). The appearance of the Bashmuric dialect is first noted in the description of Athanasius of Qus (fourteenth century) in his Coptic grammar written in Arabic. Early scholars (beginning in the seventeenth century) studying Coptic manuscripts then tried to apply Athanasius' division of the Coptic language to the Coptic texts.

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Ireland: Realm of the Four Masters

From Genesis to Prehistory ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199227747.003.0010 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Rowley-Conwy

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

English Translation ◽

Ancient History ◽

Irish History ◽

History Of ◽

Ancient Manuscripts ◽

To Come ◽

Historical Accounts ◽

Or History

On 9 January 1843, Richard Griffith addressed the Royal Irish Academy (RIA) about some antiquities found in the River Shannon. The river was being dredged to render it navigable, and the artefacts were discovered during the deepening of the old ford at Keelogue. Griffith was the chairman of the Commissioners carrying out the work, and his expertise was in engineering rather than ancient history. He stated that the finds came from a layer of gravel; in its upper part were many bronze swords and spears, while a foot lower were numerous stone axes. Due to the rapidity of the river’s flow there was very little aggradation, so despite the small gap the bronze objects were substantially later than the stone ones. The river formed the border between the ancient kingdoms of Connaught and Leinster. The objects had apparently been lost in two battles for the ford that had taken place at widely differing dates; stressing that he was no expert himself, Mr Griffith wondered whether ancient Irish history might contain records of battles at this spot (Griffith 1844). This was probably the earliest non-funerary stratigraphic support for the Three Age System ever published, but it did not signal the acceptance of the Three Age System. Just as telling as Griffith’s stratigraphic observation was his immediate recourse to ancient history for an explanation; for, as we shall see, ancient history provided the dominant framework for the ancient Irish past until the end of the nineteenth century. The Irish had far more early manuscript sources than the Scots or the English, although wars and invasions had reduced them; the Welsh scholar Edward Lhwyd wrote from Sligo on 12 March 1700 to his colleague Henry Rowlands that ‘the Irish have many more ancient manuscripts than we in Wales; but since the late revolutions they are much lessened. I now and then pick up some very old parchment manuscripts; but they are hard to come by, and they that do anything understand them, value them as their lives’ (in Rowlands 1766: 315). In the seventeenth century various Irish scholars brought together the historical accounts available to them. Geoffrey Keating (Seathrú n Céitinn, in Irish) wrote the influential Foras Feasa ar Éirinn or ‘History of Ireland’ in c.1634, and an English translation was printed in 1723 (Waddell 2005).

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Sharī‘a Court Registers and Land Tenure around Nineteenth-Century Damascus

Middle East Studies Association Bulletin ◽

10.1017/s0026318400018691 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 155-169

Author(s):

James A. Reilly

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Land Tenure ◽

Economic History ◽

Historical Documents ◽

Large Collection ◽

Present Information ◽

The Social ◽

History Of ◽

The University

The importance of sharī‘a law-court registers as sources for the social and economic history of Syria/Bilād al-Shām in the Ottoman period has been recognized for some time. A number of studies based on them have appeared, but the registers are so vast that scholars have in fact barely begun to investigate them. The Historical Documents Center (Markaz al-Wathā’iq al-Tārīkhīya) in Damascus holds over one thousand volumes. Additional originals exist in Israel/Palestine and a large collection of Syrian and Palestinian registers is available on microfilm at the University of Jordan (Amman). Although it is difficult to use the Lebanese registers nowadays (and those of Sidon may have been destroyed) a volume of the Tripoli registers from the seventeenth century has been published in facsimile by the Lebanese University. Dearth of material, therefore, is not a problem. One obstacle facing researchers, however, is unfamiliarity with the manner in which the registers present information. Persons whose native tongue is not Arabic have the additional problem of language to overcome. Therefore, an orientation to the registers is helpful, and this article is written with that purpose in mind.

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When History Caught Up with Historians

Eighteenth-Century Life ◽

10.1215/00982601-8793934 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 47-74

Author(s):

Jeff Loveland

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Early Nineteenth Century ◽

Cultural Changes ◽

History Of

Thanks in part to the influence of Friedrich Brockhaus’s Konversations-Lexikon, a German encyclopedia inaugurated in 1796, biographies of the living had become unremarkable in Europe’s encyclopedias by the early nineteenth century. Today, they are pervasive. Between 1674 and 1750, they remained rare and controversial in the alphabetical ancestors of the modern encyclopedia. In this article, I explain why, and show how encyclopedists’ practices evolved in the period in which the historical dictionary and other alphabetical proto-encyclopedias burst onto the European literary scene, that is, the late seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth. I begin by exploring early encyclopedists’ motives for not treating the living. My second section then examines the most influential historical dictionaries as well as the encyclopedia that best covered the living, tracking how practices regarding contemporary biographies evolved. Finally, I consider some of the broader social and cultural changes, both internal and external to the history of encyclopedia-making, that are reflected in encyclopedias’ growing coverage of the living and the recently deceased.

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Philosophies of Life

Religion and the Philosophy of Life ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198836124.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 275-298

Author(s):

Gavin Flood

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Dynamic Process ◽

The Other ◽

Romantic Poetry ◽

Theological Discourse ◽

Life Itself ◽

History Of ◽

The One

On the one hand, we have the development of science from the seventeenth to nineteenth century, while on the other, we have a focus on life in philosophy at the dawn of the nineteenth century. Here, life is understood in terms of nature as a dynamic process linked to impulse or drive. Partly stemming from a mystical discourse in the seventeenth century, the concern for life comes to be disseminated through the history of both Romantic poetry and Romantic philosophy. This vitalist spirit can be traced through to the twentieth century. Life itself comes to be articulated through a mystical theological discourse that ends in Romantic poetry and through a philosophical discourse that ends in phenomenology.

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Reforming the Priests of Manipe: Reflections on the “Buddhist Modernist Monk” in Euro-America

Buddhist Studies Review ◽

10.1558/bsrv.v28i2.203 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 203-232

Author(s):

Laura Harrington

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Open Framework ◽

Buddhist Modernism ◽

History Of ◽

Jesuit Missionaries ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Moral Ambivalence ◽

American Thought

From the late nineteenth century onwards, Asian Buddhist monks have been associated in American thought with science, rationality and anti-colonialism. Though the narrative of nineteenth century ‘Buddhist Modernism’ is routinely invoked to explain this, a more illuminating genealogy of this ‘modernist monasticism’ identifies deeper roots in anti-Catholicism. This paper explores these roots through a genealogy of the Buddhist Modernist Monk. Beginning with the seventeenth century travel journals of Jesuit missionaries, it winds its way through varied British rhetorics to nineteenth century Sri Lanka, and ends in Chicago, at the World’s Parliament of Religion of 1893. There, these intertwined discourses coalesced in the form of the Buddhist Modernist Monk: a figure now familiar and beloved in American culture as an embodiment of compassion and rationality, yet with a history of prejudice and politics that has yet to be meaningfully explored. As we acknowledge anti-Catholicism’s centrality to the history of the Modernist Monk, we are necessarily reminded of the moral ambivalence of the ‘science-religion’ dichotomy that fuels his mystique. At minimum, future analyses must critique the presumption of such supra-historical binaries, and deploy an open framework attentive to the contradictions and relations of reciprocal determination that characterize his genealogy.

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Retrospect on J.C. van Leur's Essay on the Eighteenth Century as a Category in Asian History

Itinerario ◽

10.1017/s0165115300003685 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 45-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P.J. Marshall

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

The Netherlands ◽

European History ◽

General View ◽

History Of ◽

Limited Scale ◽

Asian History

In an essay of extraordinary range and depth, which it is difficult to summarise without distortion, Jacob van Leur is above all making an appeal for the autonomy of Asian history in relation to that of Europe. He was reviewing volume IV by Godée Molsbergen of Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië, which dealt with the eighteenth century. To Molsbergen the activities of the V.O.C. in Asia in the eighteenth century had characteristics distinct from those of the seventeenth-century Company or from what was to follow in Indonesia in the nineteenth century. These characteristics essentially reflected those of the Netherlands during the eighteenth century. Assuming that eighteenth-century European history has unifying characteristics (an assumption that he was inclined to question), Van Leur asked: ‘Is it possible to write the history of Indonesia in the eighteenth century as the history of the Company?’ His answer was a resounding ‘no’. In giving his answer he widened the issue from Indonesia to Asia as a whole. ‘A general view of the whole can only lead to the conclusion that any talk of a European Asia in the eighteenth century is out of the question, that a few European centres of power had been consolidated on a very limited scale, that in general – and here the emphasis should lie – the oriental lands continued to form active factors in the course of events as valid entities, militarily, economically and politically.’ He concluded that diere was an ‘unbroken unity’ of Asian history from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. Until well into the nineteenth century Europe and Asia were ‘two equal civilisations developing separately of each other’.

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The Early History of the Russian Peasantry

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700084436 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 153-158

Author(s):

Jerome Blum

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Early History ◽

Russian History ◽

History Of ◽

Primary Producer ◽

Soviet Historiography ◽

Current Standards ◽

The Revolution

The agitation in mid-nineteenth-century Russia for the abolition of serfdom gave the first great stimulus to Russian scholarly interest in the history of the peasantry. The persistence of the land problem down to the Revolution and since then the Soviet preoccupation with the primary producer have kept alive this interest. As a result, a large number of studies of the agrarian history of their country, many of them works of high value, have been written by Russian scholars both before and since 1917. One of the most recent and most important contributions to the literature of this subject has been made by B. D. Grekov in his history of the peasantry from earliest times to the seventeenth century. Although its author remains carefully within the doctrinal limits imposed by the current standards of orthodoxy in Soviet historiography, his work is indispensable for the study not only of agrarian history but of all phases of early Russian history.

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