scholarly journals Production Scale-Up or Activated Carbons for Ultracapacitors

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Steven D. Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Production Scale

scholarly journals Activated Carbon from Winemaking Waste: Thermoeconomic Analysis for Large-Scale Production

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6462
Author(s):  
Isaac Lorero ◽  
Arturo J. Vizcaíno ◽  
Francisco J. Alguacil ◽  
Félix A. López
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Thermodynamic Efficiency ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Costs Analysis

An activated carbon manufacturing process from winemaking waste is analyzed. In that way, vine shoots conversion is studied as a basis for plant designing, and mass and energy balances of hydrothermal carbonization and physical activation are fulfilled. To develop an energy-integrated plant, a network of heat exchangers is allocated to recover heat waste, and a cogeneration cycle is designed to provide electricity and remaining heat process demands. Furthermore, thermoeconomic analysis is applied to determine the thermodynamic efficiency and the economic viability of the plant. Energy balance indicates that heat exchangers energy integration covers 48.9% of the overall demands by crossing hot and cold streams and recovering heat from residual flue gas. On the other hand, the exergy costs analysis identifies combustion of pruning wood as the main source of exergy destruction, confirming the suitability of the integration to improve the thermodynamic performance. Attending to economic costs analysis, production scale and vineyard pruning wood price are identified as a critical parameter on process profitability. With a scale of 2.5 ton/h of pruning wood carbonization, a break-event point to compete with activated carbons from biomass origin is reached. Nevertheless, cost of pruning wood is identified as another important economic parameter, pointing out the suitability of wet methods such as hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to treat them as received form the harvest and to contribute to cutting down its prices.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine: A Promising Tool for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (35) ◽  
pp. 4602-4615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura De Matteis ◽  
Rafael Martín-Rapún ◽  
Jesús M. de la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Detection Techniques

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a public health priority all over the world. The difficulty of fighting the disease consists mostly in the complexity of symptoms and causes, in the still poor knowledge of its mechanisms and in the existence of a latent, asymptomatic, preclinical stage. Although many drugs are continuously screened in clinical studies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, the unexpected lack of patient response and sometimes the important adverse effects make it a potential field of application for personalized medicine. Objective: This perspective review proposes nanotechnology as a valuable tool for the application of personalized medicine to AD. Methods: The aim of personalized medicine is the development of more patient-precise treatments based mostly on the knowledge of individual genetics as well as of disease progress, and of pharmacokinetics and metabolic response to available drugs. The optimization of new and more sensitive detection techniques is an important tool for obtaining the pool of data needed for prediction and understanding of patient response. Results: Research in bionanosensors is already providing examples with high sensitivity for core and new biomarkers for AD. In therapy the functionalization of nanoparticle surface can add specificity for biological recognition or for improving the bioavailability. This would allow the administration of lower doses with less adverse effects due to the local targeting. Conclusion: Taking into account the promising characteristics of nanoparticles as excellent candidate tools for precision medicine development, the establishment of better standard methods for safety assessment and production scale up would be desirable for the nanomaterial fruitful employment.

scholarly journals Highly Porous Graphitic Activated Carbons from Lignite via Microwave Pretreatment and Iron-Catalyzed Graphitization at Low-Temperature for Supercapacitor Electrode Materials

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongdong Liu ◽  
Xiaoman Zhao ◽  
Rui Su ◽  
Zhengkai Hao ◽  
Boyin Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Supercapacitor Electrode ◽  
Microwave Pretreatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Highly Porous

At present, the preparation of highly porous graphitic activated carbons (HPGACs) using the usual physical and chemical activation methods has met a bottleneck. In this study, HPGACs are directly synthesized from lignite at 900 °C. The whole process is completed by a microwave pretreatment, a graphitization conversion of the carbon framework at a low temperature using a small amount of FeCl3 (10–30 wt%), and a subsequent physical activation using CO2. Consequently, the dispersed and mobile iron species, in the absence of oxygen functional groups (removed during the microwave pretreatment), can greatly promote catalytic graphitization during pyrolysis, and, as an activating catalyst, can further facilitate the porosity development during activation. The as-obtained AC-2FeHLH-5-41.4(H) presents a low defect density, high purity, and specific surface area of 1852.43 m2 g−1, which is far greater than the AC-HLH-5-55.6(H) obtained solely by physical activation. AC-2FeHLH-5-41.4(H) as a supercapacitor electrode presents an excellent performance in the further electrochemical measurements. Such a convenient and practical method with low cost proves a scalable method to prepare HPGACs from a wide range of coal/biomass materials for industrial scale-up and applications.

Scale-up of Process Intensifying Falling Film Microreactors to Pilot Production Scale

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanu Kiran Vankayala ◽  
Patrick Löb ◽  
Volker Hessel ◽  
Gabriele Menges ◽  
Christian Hofmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Falling Film ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Future Production

Microstructured reactors with their benefits especially concerning enhanced mass and heat transfer represent a means for process intensification. A broadly used microstructured lab tool in the area of gas/liquid contacting is the Falling Film Microreactor (FFMR) developed by IMM in which liquid films of a few tens of micrometer thickness and interfacial areas of up to 20,000 m2/m3 combined with an effective heat exchange can be obtained. Now the concept of the Falling Film Microreactor has been developed further with regard to increasing throughput in order to reach pilot production level and as a basis for future production scale throughput. Therefore, two different prototypes with a tenfold larger structured surface area have been developed and realized. The feasibility of a corresponding increase of throughput has been demonstrated for the oxidation of an organic compound using oxygen which is closely linked to an industrial relevant reaction and additionally by the absorption of CO2 in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Naturally, process optimisation itself also contributes to the efforts to increase throughput. Therefore, the oxidation reaction has been optimised in both varying process parameters (temperature, flow rates, pressure) and reactor parameters (microchannel width and depth) in the original, standard Falling Film Microreactor. Conducting experiments at 10 bar instead of ambient pressure and using a reaction plate with 1200 µm x 400 µm channels instead of 600 µm x 200 µm channels lead to an increase in conversion. These investigations also encourage exploring more challenging process conditions and thereby following the concept of "novel chemistry."

scholarly journals Policy Lessons From Medical Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 337-340
Author(s):  
Giovanni Dosi
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Research Production ◽  
Public Money

AbstractThis article discusses the medical/therapeutical responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and their political economy context. First, the very quick development of several vaccines highlights the richness of the basic knowledge waiting for therapeutical exploitation. Such knowledge has largely originated in public or non-profit institutions. Second, symmetrically, there is longer-term evidence that the private sector (essentially big pharma) has decreased its investment in basic research in general and has long been uninterested in vaccines in particular. Only when flooded with an enormous amount of public money did it become eager to undertake applied research, production scale-up and testing. Third, the political economy of the underlying public-private relationship reveals a profound dysfunctionality with the public being unable to determine the rates and direction of innovation, but at the same time confined to the role of payer of first and last resort, with dire consequences for both advanced, and more so developing countries. Fourth, on normative grounds, measures like ad hoc patent waivers are certainly welcome, but this will not address the fundamental challenge, involving a deep reform of the intellectual property rights regimes and their international protection.

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