Adiponectin - A Novel Anti-Atherogenic Factor in the Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potential

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Yehuda Kamari ◽  
Irit Avni ◽  
Ehud Grossman ◽  
Yehonatan Sharabi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

scholarly journals Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Targets for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco A. Monsalve ◽  
Radha D. Pyarasani ◽  
Fernando Delgado-Lopez ◽  
Rodrigo Moore-Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is estimated to affect more than one in five adults, and its prevalence is growing in the adult and pediatric populations. The most widely recognized metabolic risk factors are atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and elevated plasma glucose. Individuals with these characteristics commonly manifest a prothrombotic state and a proinflammatory state as well. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may serve as potential therapeutic targets for treating the metabolic syndrome and its related risk factors. The PPARs are transcriptional factors belonging to the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily. So far, three isoforms of PPARs have been identified, namely, PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ. Various endogenous and exogenous ligands of PPARs have been identified. PPAR-αand PPAR-γare mainly involved in regulating lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis, and their agonists are used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and T2DM. Whereas PPAR-β/δfunction is to regulate lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, anti-inflammation, and fatty acid oxidation and its agonists are used in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This review mainly focuses on the biological role of PPARs in gene regulation and metabolic diseases, with particular focus on the therapeutic potential of PPAR modulators in the treatment of thrombosis.

scholarly journals miR-21 ablation and obeticholic acid ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. e2748-e2748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro M Rodrigues ◽  
Marta B Afonso ◽  
André L Simão ◽  
Catarina C Carvalho ◽  
Alexandre Trindade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Obeticholic Acid ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract microRNAs were recently suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease lacking specific pharmacological treatments. In that regard, nuclear receptors are arising as key molecular targets for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here we show that, in a typical model of NASH-associated liver damage, microRNA-21 (miR-21) ablation results in a progressive decrease in steatosis, inflammation and lipoapoptosis, with impairment of fibrosis. In a complementary fast food (FF) diet NASH model, mimicking features of the metabolic syndrome, miR-21 levels increase in both liver and muscle, concomitantly with decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a key miR-21 target. Strikingly, miR-21 knockout mice fed the FF diet supplemented with farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) display minimal steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation. In addition, lipoprotein metabolism was restored, including decreased fatty acid uptake and polyunsaturation, and liver and muscle insulin sensitivity fully reinstated. Finally, the miR-21/PPARα axis was found amplified in liver and muscle biopsies, and in serum, of NAFLD patients, co-substantiating its role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. By unveiling that miR-21 abrogation, together with FXR activation by OCA, significantly improves whole body metabolic parameters in NASH, our results highlight the therapeutic potential of nuclear receptor multi-targeting therapies for NAFLD.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potential of Retinoid X Receptor Modulators for the Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome

PPAR Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Pinaire ◽  
Anne Reifel-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Receptor Modulators

The increasing prevalence of obesity is a fundamental contributor to the growing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Rexinoids, a class of compounds that selectively bind and activate RXR, are being studied as a potential option for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. These compounds have glucose-lowering, insulin-sensitizing, and antiobesity effects in animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, undesirable side effects such as hypertriglyceridemia and suppression of the thyroid hormone axis also occur. This review examines and compares the effects of four RXR-selective ligands: LGD1069, LG100268, AGN194204, and LG101506, a selective RXR modulator. Similar to selective modulators of other nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor (SERMs), LG101506 binding to RXR selectively maintains the desirable characteristic effects of rexinoids while minimizing the undesirable effects. These recent findings suggest that, with continued research efforts, RXR-specific ligands with improved pharmacological profiles may eventually be available as additional treatment options for the current epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and all of the associated metabolic sequelae.

Physiotherapy of cicatricial skin changes in the conditions of metabolic syndrome

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
K. V. Kazantseva ◽  
S. N. Nagornev ◽  
V. K. Frolkov
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Fractional Photothermolysis ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders

The article analyzes the effectiveness of combined application of fractional photothermolysis and fermencol ultraphonophoresis against the background of metabolic syndrome in patients with cicatricial skin changes. It is shown that the efficiency of combined physiotherapy is reduced if it is performed against the background of metabolic syndrome. It is proved that the leading pathogenetic factors of the metabolic syndrome that reduce the therapeutic potential of physiotherapy procedures are insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders. It is found that the use of fractional photothermolysis and fermencol ultraphonophoresis does not affect significantly the main parameters of the metabolic syndrome in patients with or without metabolic syndrome. It is suggested that to increase the effectiveness of physiotherapy in patients with cicatricial skin changes in the presence of disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, provoked by the development of insulin resistance, additional use of therapeutic factors used to correct metabolic disorders is necessary.

Lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiological and interventional studies employing stable isotopy and modelling methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick C. CHAN ◽  
P. Hugh R. BARRETT ◽  
Gerald F. WATTS
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Low Density ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Modelling Methods

The accompanying review in this issue of Clinical Science [Chan, Barrett and Watts (2004) Clin. Sci. 107, 221–232] presented an overview of lipoprotein physiology and the methodologies for stable isotope kinetic studies. The present review focuses on our understanding of the dysregulation and therapeutic regulation of lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome based on the application of stable isotope and modelling methods. Dysregulation of lipoprotein metabolism in metabolic syndrome may be due to a combination of overproduction of VLDL [very-LDL (low-density lipoprotein)]-apo (apolipoprotein) B-100, decreased catabolism of apoB-containing particles and increased catabolism of HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-apoA-I particles. These abnormalities may be consequent on a global metabolic effect of insulin resistance, partly mediated by depressed plasma adiponectin levels, that collectively increases the flux of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the liver, the accumulation of fat in the liver and skeletal muscle, the hepatic secretion of VLDL-triacylglycerols and the remodelling of both LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL particles in the circulation. These lipoprotein defects are also related to perturbations in both lipolytic enzymes and lipid transfer proteins. Our knowledge of the pathophysiology of lipoprotein metabolism in the metabolic syndrome is well complemented by extensive cell biological data. Nutritional modifications may favourably alter lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome by collectively decreasing the hepatic secretion of VLDL-apoB and the catabolism of HDL-apoA-I, as well as by potentially increasing the clearance of LDL-apoB. Several pharmacological treatments, such as statins, fibrates or fish oils, can also correct the dyslipidaemia by diverse kinetic mechanisms of action, including decreased secretion and increased catabolism of apoB, as well as increased secretion and decreased catabolism of apoA-I. The complementary mechanisms of action of lifestyle and drug therapies support the use of combination regimens in treating dyslipoproteinaemia in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Metabolic actions of natriuretic peptides and therapeutic potential in the metabolic syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Schlueter ◽  
Anita de Sterke ◽  
Diana M. Willmes ◽  
Joachim Spranger ◽  
Jens Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Natriuretic Peptides ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document