scholarly journals Hypomanic Symptoms in Female Undergraduate Students Diagnosed with Unipolar Depression Based on Scores on the Hypomania Checklist

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Richardson ◽  
Hugh Garavan
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Ii

Background: A number of studies have documented high levels of hypomanic symptoms in those diagnosed with depression, suggesting a potential misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder as unipolar depression. Research suggests that undergraduate students have high levels of depression, but whether such misdiagnosis occurs in this population has not been examined. The aim of this study was therefore to examine levels of hypomania in undergraduate students reporting diagnosed depression. Methods: An international sample of undergraduate students completed the 32-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32). A cohort was analysed for this study, consisting of female undergraduate students reporting a formal diagnosis of depression (n=28). Results: Participants scored high on the HCL-32, with a mean total score of 19.9 (SD=5.4) out of 32. Overall, 85.7% (n=24) scored equal to or above the original cut off point of 14 suggested for bipolar II disorder. Conclusions: Two possible conclusions are suggested by this study. Firstly, there are high levels of hypomanic symptoms in undergraduate students diagnosed with depression, suggesting that a formal diagnosis of bipolar disorder should be pursued in those with high scores. Alternatively, the cut-off points previously suggested for the HCL-32 may not be accurate for use with undergraduate students.

Migraine headache and bipolar disorder comorbidity: A systematic review of the literature and clinical implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael J. Leo ◽  
Joshna Singh
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Ii

AbstractBackground and aimsPsychiatric disorders, e.g., depression, are often comorbid with, and can complicate the treatment of, patients with migraine headache. Although empirical work has increasingly focused on the association between migraine and bipolar disorder, this topic has received little attention in the pain literature. Bipolar disorder is a chronic and recurrent mood disorder characterized by cyclic occurrence of elevated (i.e., manic or hypomanic) and depressed mood states. Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed when patients present with at least one abnormally and persistently elevated manic episode; bipolar II disorder is characterized by the presence of hypomanic episodes. Bipolar disorder warrants attention as depressive phases of the disorder can prevail and are often misconstrued by the unwary clinician as unipolar depression. However, treatment for bipolar disorder is distinct from that of unipolar depression and use of antidepressants, which are often invoked in migraine prophylaxis as well as the treatment of depression, may precipitate significant mood changes among bipolar disorder patients. A systematic review of the literature addressing the co-occurrence of bipolar disorder and migraine was conducted. The treatment of dually affected patients is also discussed.MethodsIn order to review the literature to date on migraine and bipolar disorder co-occurrence, a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL for clinic-based and epidemiological studies was conducted using terms related to migraine and bipolar disorder. Studies were selected for review if they included subjects meeting validated diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder as well as migraine headache and if a quantitative description of prevalence rates of comorbid bipolar disorder and migraine were reported. Weighted means of the prevalence rates were calculated to compare with general epidemiological prevalence trends for migraine and bipolar disorder, respectively.ResultsEleven studies met inclusion criteria. Although findings were constrained by methodological limitations and several low quality studies, clinic- and epidemiological cross-sectional investigations demonstrated a high rate of comorbidity between bipolar disorder and migraine. The weighted mean prevalence rate for migraine headache among bipolar disorder patients was 30.7%; for bipolar disorder among migraineurs, the weighted mean prevalence rates were 9% and 5.9% in clinic-based and epidemiological studies, respectively. The association between bipolar disorder and migraine was most notable among women and patients with the bipolar II disorder subtype.ConclusionsHigh rates of comorbidity exist between migraine and bipolar disorder, exceeding estimated prevalence rates for those conditions in the general population. Comorbidity may portend a more serious clinical course for dually afflicted individuals.ImplicationsClinicians need to structure treatment approaches to address concurrent migraine and bipolar disorder in dually afflicted individuals. Although further evidence-based investigation is warranted to inform optimal treatment approaches for both conditions concurrently, anticonvulsants (e.g., valproate, lamotrigine and topiramate); atypical antipsychotics (e.g., olanzapine or quetiapine); and calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil) may be considered.

Polarised views about bipolar disorder(s): A critique of the 2020 College guidelines for mood disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110200
Author(s):  
Gordon Parker
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Formal Status

The 2020 College guidelines for mood disorders banish bipolar II disorder – despite its formal status in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases manuals for more than two decades – and argue that there is no need to partition bipolar disorder into separate sub-types. Their single-entity model is seemingly based on opinion rather than any support from referenced scientific studies. The author challenges the Committee’s model of there being only one bipolar disorder and argues that it presents several clinical management risks, particularly of ‘over-treatment’.

scholarly journals Comparing clinical responses and the biomarkers of BDNF and cytokines between subthreshold bipolar disorder and bipolar II disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Yun Wang ◽  
Sheng-Yu Lee ◽  
Shiou-Lan Chen ◽  
Yun-Hsuan Chang ◽  
Liang-Jen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Clinical Responses

Bipolar Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-211
Author(s):  
Kirstin Painter ◽  
Maria Scannapieco
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Class Discussion ◽  
Developmental Level ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
New Diagnosis

Bipolar disorder is a category of mood disorders that result in severe changes in a person’s mood and energy level. This chapter provides an overview of the most current research, causes, signs, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria of bipolar I and bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia. A discussion on the differences in the presentation of symptoms based on child or adolescents developmental level and on differential diagnosis is included. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is described in Chapter 5; however, it is revisited in this chapter because it was added as a new diagnosis beginning with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to capture youth who experience significant difficulties but do not have the classic symptoms of BD. The chapter ends with an overview of common assessment tools, real-life case studies, and questions for class discussion.

Interictal dysphoric disorder – the bridge between epilepsy and bipolar disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S126-S127
Author(s):  
R. Sousa ◽  
M. Salta ◽  
B. Barata ◽  
J. Nogueira ◽  
J. Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Episodic Course ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders are frequent among patients with epilepsy. The association between epilepsy and mood disorders is recognized since the classical antiquity. Recent studies demonstrated that the prevalence of bipolar symptoms in epilepsy patients is more significant than previously expected. In the first half of the twentieth century, Kraeplin and Bleuler were the first to describe a pleomorphic pattern of symptoms claimed to be typical of patients with epilepsy and recently Blumer coined the term interictal dysphoric disorder to identify this condition. Although for some authors, the existence of this condition as a diagnostic entity is still doubtful, for others, it represents a phenotypic copy of bipolar disorder.ObjectivesIn this work, we start from the phenomenological similarities between the interictal dysphoric disorder and the bipolar disorder, to explore the neurobiological underpinnings that support a possible link between epilepsy and bipolar disorder.MethodsResearch of articles published in PubMed and other databases.ResultsInterictal dysphoric patients have features that resemble the more unstable forms of bipolar II disorder and benefit from the same therapy used in bipolar depression. Epilepsy and bipolar disorder share features like episodic course, the kindling phenomenon as possible pathogenic mechanisms and the response to antiepileptic drugs. The study of possible common biological processes like neurogenesis/neuroplasticity, inflammation, brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, provided promising but not consensual results.ConclusionsFurther efforts to understand the link between epilepsy and bipolar disorder could provide the insight needed to find common therapeutic targets and improve the treatment of both illnesses.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Bipolar Affective Disorders: Diagnostic and Treatment Situation in Lithuania

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
V. Adomaitiene ◽  
A. Kunigeliene ◽  
K. Dambrauskiene ◽  
V. Danileviciute
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Treatment Situation ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorders

Introduction:Bipolar disorder is one of the most important psychiatric diseases. This is a lifelong illness which increases disability, bad social, employment, and functional outcomes. Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings - from overly “high” and irritable to sad and hopeless, often with periods of normal mood between. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by a history of at least one manic episode, with or without depressive symptoms. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by the presence of both depressive symptoms and a less severe form of mania.Objective:To review diagnostic and treatment situation of bipolar affective disorders in Lithuania.Method:A review of bipolar affective disorders in Lithuania: the prevalence of bipolar disorders, the differences between genders, the clinical features between genders.Results:Studies have suggested, that the prevalence of bipolar disorder in Lithuania is 1 % of population. The rates of bipolar disorder: in 2003 was 1131 cases, in 2004 - 1133 cases, in 2005 - 1147 cases, in 2006 - 1255 cases, in 2007 - 1257 cases. Distribution of bipolar disorders between males and females: males - 35,88 %, females - 64,12 %.Conclusion:The rates of Bipolar I disorder are equal between female and male population, but bipolar II disorder is more frequent in female population (bipolar depression, mixed manic disorder). Bipolar disorder with alcohol and drug abuse are very common among male population. Bipolar disorders are very common with somatic disease (thyroid disease, migraine, obesity of medication), anxiety disorders are more frequent in female population.

P01-208-Prevalence of hypomania in patients with diagnosis of affective disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 209-209
Author(s):  
I. Garcia Del Castillo ◽  
L. Fernandez Mayo ◽  
R. Carmona Camacho ◽  
M.J. Martin Calvo ◽  
E. Serrano Drozdowskyj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bipolar Ii Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Difference

IntroductionRecent epidemiological studies suggest that the prevalence of bipolar disorder might be misdiagnosed initially as unipolar depression due to the difficulty to detect episodes of hypomania. The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32), validated in Spanish, is a self-report questionnaire with 32 hypomania items designed to screen for hypomanic episodes.ObjectivesTo examine the prevalence of hypomania in patients with unipolar depression. Corroborate the efficacy of the HCL-32 to detect symptoms of hypomania.MethodsThe presence of hypomanic symptoms was assessed by the HCL-32 in a sample of 128 subjects diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (n = 30), bipolar II disorder (n = 1), unipolar depression (n = 57), and anxiety disorder (n = 15) according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. A control group of healthy subjects was selected (n = 25).ResultsThe discriminative capacity was analyzed by the ROC curve. The AUC was 0.65 which did not indicate a good capacity. The sensitivity (S), specificity (E) and prevalence (P) of hypomania in unipolar patients for the following cut-off points were :14: S = 81.6%,95%CI(69.8, 93.5); E = 30.1%,95%CI(19.7,40.6); P = 74.1%; 15: S = 77.6%,95%CI(64.9,90.3); E = 37.4%,95%CI(26.3,48.4); P = 67.2%; 16: S = 59.2%,95%CI(44.4,73.9); E = 55.4%,95%CI(44.1,74.0); P = 51.7%; 17: S = 55.1%,95%CI(40.2,70.1); E = 57.8%,95%CI(46.6,69.1); P = 48.3%.ConclusionsThe HCL-32 has a high sensitivity but a low specificity as screening instrument. This might explain the high proportion of hypomania found in this study. The difference with previous studies is that our sample was heterogeneous, unstable and serious. This suggests that the HCL-32 is not valid for any psychiatric sample. Future research should develop more specific instruments with better external validity.

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