scholarly journals Perspectives Concerning Various Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Detected Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Tirasak Pasharawipas
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Viral Receptor ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Infected Cells

After exposure to SARS-CoV-2, varying symptoms of COVID-19 ranging from asymptomatic symptoms to morbidity and mortality have been exhibited in each individual. SARS-CoV-2 requires various cellular molecules for penetration into a target host cell. Angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) acts as the viral receptor molecule. After attachment, SARS-CoV-2 also requires the transmembrane protease serine-2 (TMPRSS-2) and furin molecules, which serve as co-receptors for penetration into the target cell and for subsequent replication. In the meantime, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is required for the induction of adaptive immune cells, especially cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, to clear the virally infected cells. This perspective review article proposes different aspects to explain the varying symptoms of the individuals who have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, which relates to the polymorphisms of these involved molecules.

scholarly journals The impact of body mass index on adaptive immune cells in the human bone marrow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pangrazzi ◽  
Erin Naismith ◽  
Carina Miggitsch ◽  
Jose’ Antonio Carmona Arana ◽  
Michael Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Abstract Background. Obesity has been associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Both conditions play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, such as immunosenescence. Adipose tissue can modulate the function of the immune system with the secretion of molecules influencing the phenotype of immune cells. The importance of the bone marrow (BM) in the maintenance of antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells has been documented in mice. Recently, some groups have investigated the survival of effector/memory T cells in the human BM. Despite this, whether high body mass index (BMI) may affect immune cells in the BM and the production of molecules supporting the maintenance of these cells it is unknown.Methods. Using flow cytometry, the frequency and the phenotype of immune cell populations were measured in paired BM and PB samples obtained from persons with different BMI. Furthermore, the expression of BM cytokines was assessed. The influence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) on T cell subsets was additionally considered, dividing the donors into the CMV- and CMV+ groups.Results. Our study suggests that increased BMI may affect both the maintenance and the phenotype of adaptive immune cells in the BM. While the BM levels of IL-15 and IL-6, supporting the survival of highly differentiated T cells, and oxygen radicals increased in overweight persons, the production of IFNγ and TNF by CD8+ T cells was reduced. In addition, the frequency of B cells and CD4+ T cells positively correlated with BMI in the BM of CMV- persons. Finally, the frequency of several T cell subsets, and the expression of senescence/exhaustion markers within these subpopulations, were affected by BMI. In particular, the levels of bona fide memory T cells may be reduced in overweight persons.Conclusion. Our work suggests that, in addition to aging and CMV, obesity may represent an additional risk factor for immunosenescence in adaptive immune cells. Metabolic interventions may help in improving the fitness of the immune system in the elderly.

Body mass index affects adaptive immune cells in the human bone marrow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pangrazzi ◽  
Erin Naismith ◽  
Carina Miggitsch ◽  
Jose’ Antonio Carmona Arana ◽  
Michael Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Abstract Background. Obesity has been associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Both conditions play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, such as immunosenescence. Adipose tissue can modulate the function of the immune system with the secretion of molecules influencing the phenotype of immune cells. Recently, the importance of the bone marrow (BM) in the maintenance of antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells has been documented. Despite this, whether high body mass index (BMI) may affect immune cells in the BM and the production of molecules supporting the maintenance of these cells it is unknown. Methods. Using flow cytometry, the frequency and the phenotype of immune cell populations were measured in paired BM and PB samples obtained from persons with different BMI. Furthermore, the expression of BM cytokines was assessed. The influence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) on T cell subsets was additionally considered, dividing the donors into the CMV - and CMV + groups. Results. Our study suggests that increased BMI may affect both the maintenance and the phenotype of adaptive immune cells in the BM. While the BM levels of IL-15 and IL-6, supporting the survival of highly differentiated T cells, and oxygen radicals increased in overweight persons, the production of IFNγ and TNF by CD8 + T cells was reduced. In addition, the frequency of B cells and CD4 + T cells positively correlated with BMI in the BM of CMV - persons. Finally, the frequency of several T cell subsets, and the expression of senescence/exhaustion markers within these subpopulations, were affected by BMI. In particular, the levels of bona fide memory T cells may be reduced in overweight persons. Conclusion. Our work suggests that obesity may represent an independent risk factor supporting immunosenescence, in addition to aging and CMV. Metabolic interventions may help in improving the fitness of the immune system in the elderly.

scholarly journals P01.10 IFNy secretion of adaptive and innate immune cells as a parameter to display leukaemia derived dendritic cell (DCleu) mediated immune responses in AML

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. A13.1-A13
Author(s):  
LK Klauer ◽  
O Schutti ◽  
S Ugur ◽  
F Doraneh-Gard ◽  
N Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cik Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Suitable Parameter

BackgroundMyeloid leukaemic blasts can be converted into leukaemia derived dendritic cells (DCleu) with blastmodulatory Kit-I and Kit-M, which have the competence to regularly activate T and immunoreactive cells to gain anti-leukaemic activity or rather cytotoxicity. As innate and adaptive immune responses are notably promoted by the cytokine interferon gamma (IFNy), we hypothesised that the IFNy secretion could be a suitable parameter to display DC/DCleu mediated immunologic activity and even anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity.Materials and MethodsDC/DCleu were generated from leukaemic WB with Kit-I (GM-CSF + OK-432) and Kit-M (GM-CSF + PGE1) and used to stimulate T cell enriched immunoreactive cells. Initiated anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity was investigated with a cytotoxicity fluorolysis assay (CTX). Initiated IFNy secretion of innate and adaptive immune cells (T cells, TCD4+ cells, TCD8+ cells, NKCD56+ cells, NKCD161+ cells, CIKCD56+ cells, CIKCD161+ cells and iNKT) was investigated with a cytokine secretion assay (CSA). In some cases IFNy production was additionally evaluated with an intracellular cytokine assay (ICA). Conclusively, the IFNy secretion of immunoreactive cells was correlated with the anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity.ResultsSignificant amounts of DC and DCleu as well as migratory DC and DCleu could be generated with Kit-I and Kit-M without induction of blast proliferation. T cell enriched immunoreactive cells stimulated with DC/DCleu showed an increased anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity and an increased IFNy secretion of T, NK and CIK cells compared to control. Both the CSA and ICA yielded comparable amounts of IFNy positive innate and adaptive immune cells. The correlation between the IFNy secretion of immunoreactive cells and the anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity showed a positive relationship in T cells, TCD4+ cells, TCD8+ cells and NKCD56+ cells.ConclusionsWe found blastmodulatory Kit-I and Kit-M competent to generate DC/DCleu from leukaemic WB. Stimulation of T cell enriched immunoreactive cells with DC/DCleu regularly resulted in an increased anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity and an increased IFNy dependent immunological activity of T, NK and CIK cells compared to control. Moreover the anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity positively correlated with the IFNy secretion in T cells, TCD4+ cells, TCD8+ cells, NKCD56+ cells. We therefore consider the IFNy secretion of innate and adaptive immune cells to be a suitable parameter to assess the efficacy of in vitro and potentially in vivo AML immunotherapy. The CSA in this regard proved to be a convenient and reproducible technique to detect and phenotypically characterise IFNy secreting cells of the innate and adaptive immune system.Disclosure InformationL.K. Klauer: None. O. Schutti: None. S. Ugur: None. F. Doraneh-Gard: None. N. Rogers: None. M. Weinmann: None. D. Krämer: None. A. Rank: None. C. Schmid: None. B. Eiz-Vesper: None. H.M. Schmetzer: None.

scholarly journals Total CD3 T Cells Are Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Colitis in Immunodeficient Mice With Dendritic Cell–Specific Deletion of TGFbR2: A Novel IBD Model to Study CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Interaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
Deepa Rana Jamwal ◽  
Raji V Marati ◽  
Christy A Harrison ◽  
Monica T Midura-Kiela ◽  
Vanessa R Figliuolo Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder, with the innate and adaptive immune cells contributing to disease initiation and progression. However, the intricate cross-talk between immune cell lineages remains incompletely understood. The role of CD8+ T cells in IBD pathogenesis has been understudied, largely due to the lack of appropriate models. Methods We previously reported spontaneous colitis in mice with impaired TGFβ signaling due to dendritic cell–specific knockout of TGFbR2 (TGFβR2ΔDC). Here, we demonstrate that crossing TGFβR2ΔDC mice with a Rag1-/- background eliminates all symptoms of colitis and that adoptive transfer of unfractionated CD3+ splenocytes is sufficient to induce progressive colitis in Rag1-/-TGFβR2ΔDC mice. Results Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required for the induction of colitis accompanied by activation of both T-cell lineages and DCs, increased expression of mucosal IFNγ, TNFα, IL6, IL1β, and IL12, and decreased frequencies of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Development of colitis required CD40L expression in CD4+ T cells, and the disease was partially ameliorated by IFNγ neutralization. Conclusions This novel model provides an important tool for studying IBD pathogenesis, in particular the complex interactions among innate and adaptive immune cells in a controlled fashion, and represents a valuable tool for preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics.

scholarly journals Immune Vulnerability of Infants to Tuberculosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Vanden Driessche ◽  
Alexander Persson ◽  
Ben J. Marais ◽  
Pamela J. Fink ◽  
Kevin B. Urdahl
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Disseminated Disease

One of the challenges faced by the infant immune system is learning to distinguish the myriad of foreign but nonthreatening antigens encountered from those expressed by true pathogens. This balance is reflected in the diminished production of proinflammatory cytokines by both innate and adaptive immune cells in the infant. A downside of this bias is that several factors critical for controllingMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection are significantly restricted in infants, including TNF, IL-1, and IL-12. Furthermore, infant T cells are inherently less capable of differentiating into IFN-γ-producing T cells. As a result, infected infants are 5–10 times more likely than adults to develop active tuberculosis (TB) and have higher rates of severe disseminated disease, including miliary TB and meningitis. Infant TB is a fundamentally different disease than TB in immune competent adults. Immunotherapeutics, therefore, should be specifically evaluated in infants before they are routinely employed to treat TB in this age group. Modalities aimed at reducing inflammation, which may be beneficial for adjunctive therapy of some forms of TB in older children and adults, may be of no benefit or even harmful in infants who manifest much less inflammatory disease.

scholarly journals The impact of body mass index on adaptive immune cells in the human bone marrow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pangrazzi ◽  
Erin Naismith ◽  
Carina Miggitsch ◽  
Jose’ Antonio Carmona Arana ◽  
Michael Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Abstract Background. Obesity has been associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Both conditions play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, such as immunosenescence. Adipose tissue can modulate the function of the immune system with the secretion of molecules influencing the phenotype of immune cells. The importance of the bone marrow (BM) in the maintenance of antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells has been documented in mice. Recently, some groups have investigated the survival of effector/memory T cells in the human BM. Despite this, whether high body mass index (BMI) may affect immune cells in the BM and the production of molecules supporting the maintenance of these cells it is unknown.Methods. Using flow cytometry, the frequency and the phenotype of immune cell populations were measured in paired BM and PB samples obtained from persons with different BMI. Furthermore, the expression of BM cytokines was assessed. The influence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) on T cell subsets was additionally considered, dividing the donors into the CMV- and CMV+ groups.Results. Our study suggests that increased BMI may affect both the maintenance and the phenotype of adaptive immune cells in the BM. While the BM levels of IL-15 and IL-6, supporting the survival of highly differentiated T cells, and oxygen radicals increased in overweight persons, the production of IFNγ and TNF by CD8+ T cells was reduced. In addition, the frequency of B cells and CD4+ T cells positively correlated with BMI in the BM of CMV- persons. Finally, the frequency of several T cell subsets, and the expression of senescence/exhaustion markers within these subpopulations, were affected by BMI. In particular, the levels of bona fide memory T cells may be reduced in overweight persons.Conclusion. Our work suggests that, in addition to aging and CMV, obesity may represent an additional risk factor for immunosenescence in adaptive immune cells. Metabolic interventions may help in improving the fitness of the immune system in the elderly.

scholarly journals Discrete immune response signature to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination versus infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie N. Ivanova ◽  
Joseph C. Devlin ◽  
Terkild B. Buus ◽  
Akiko Koide ◽  
Amber Cornelius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

AbstractBoth SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit potent immune responses. A number of studies have described immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, beyond antibody production, immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we performed multimodal single-cell sequencing on peripheral blood of patients with acute COVID-19 and healthy volunteers before and after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to compare the immune responses elicited by the virus and by this vaccine. Phenotypic and transcriptional profiling of immune cells, coupled with reconstruction of the B and T cell antigen receptor rearrangement of individual lymphocytes, enabled us to characterize and compare the host responses to the virus and to defined viral antigens. While both infection and vaccination induced robust innate and adaptive immune responses, our analysis revealed significant qualitative differences between the two types of immune challenges. In COVID-19 patients, immune responses were characterized by a highly augmented interferon response which was largely absent in vaccine recipients. Increased interferon signaling likely contributed to the observed dramatic upregulation of cytotoxic genes in the peripheral T cells and innate-like lymphocytes in patients but not in immunized subjects. Analysis of B and T cell receptor repertoires revealed that while the majority of clonal B and T cells in COVID-19 patients were effector cells, in vaccine recipients clonally expanded cells were primarily circulating memory cells. Importantly, the divergence in immune subsets engaged, the transcriptional differences in key immune populations, and the differences in maturation of adaptive immune cells revealed by our analysis have far-ranging implications for immunity to this novel pathogen.

scholarly journals Peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells during COVID-19: Functional neutrophils, pro-inflammatory monocytes and half-dead lymphocytes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emel Eksioglu-Demiralp ◽  
Servet Alan ◽  
Uluhan Sili ◽  
Dilek Bakan ◽  
Ilhan Ocak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Monocytes ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Hla Dr

A better understanding of the innate and adaptive cells in the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is a necessity for the development of effective treatment methods and vaccines. We studied phenotypic features of innate and adaptive immune cells, oxidative burst, phagocytosis and apoptosis. One hundred and three patients with COVID-19 grouped according to their clinical features as mild (35%), moderate (40.8%), and severe (24.3%) were included in the study. Monocytes from all COVID-19 patients were CD16+ pro-inflammatory monocytes. Neutrophils were mature and functional. No defect has been found in ROS production of monocytes and neutrophils as well as no defect in their apoptosis. As bridging cells of the innate and adaptive immune system; the percentage of NK cells was in normal range whereas the percentages of CD3-CD8+CD56+ innate lymphoid and CD3+CD56+ NK like T cells were found to be high in the severe cases of COVID-19. Although absolute numbers of all lymphocyte subsets were low and showed a tendency for a gradual decrease in accord with the disease progression, in all COVID-19 patients, the lymphocyte subset with the most decreased absolute number was B lymphocytes, followed by CD4 + T cells in the severe cases. The percentages of suppressive, CD3+CD4-CD8-; HLA-DR+CD3+ and CD28-CD8+ cells were found to be significantly increased. Importantly, we demonstrated spontaneous caspase-3 activation and increased lymphocyte apoptosis. Altogether our data suggest that SARS-CoV- 2 primarily affects lymphocytes not innate cells. So that, it may interrupt the cross-talk between adaptive and innate immune systems.

scholarly journals The Dual Roles of Human γδ T Cells: Anti-Tumor or Tumor-Promoting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Gen Li ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Xiaoli Wu ◽  
Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

γδ T cells are the unique T cell subgroup with their T cell receptors composed of γ chain and δ chain. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells are non-MHC-restricted in recognizing tumor antigens, and therefore defined as innate immune cells. Activated γδ T cells can promote the anti-tumor function of adaptive immune cells. They are considered as a bridge between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. However, several other studies have shown that γδ T cells can also promote tumor progression by inhibiting anti-tumor response. Therefore, γδ T cells may have both anti-tumor and tumor-promoting effects. In order to clarify this contradiction, in this review, we summarized the functions of the main subsets of human γδ T cells in how they exhibit their respective anti-tumor or pro-tumor effects in cancer. Then, we reviewed recent γδ T cell-based anti-tumor immunotherapy. Finally, we summarized the existing problems and prospect of this immunotherapy.

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