Granular Size Effect of Clinoptilolite on Maize Seedlings Growth

Clinoptilolite has been successfully used in growing media for containerized horticultural and floricultural production. However, limited data exist on the effects and interaction between particle size and organic nutrient enrichment of the clinoptilolite. One granular (1-3 mm) and micronized (< 30 µm) clinoptilolite was added to quartz sand, an inert growing substrate, at two doses (0.1% and 3% v/v), without or with addition of wine vinasse as nutrient source at four concentrations (0 mgF×Lsubst-1, 10 mgF×Lsubst-1, 100 mgF×Lsubst-1 and 1000 mgF×Lsubst-1) to evaluate their effect on root growth for five days or the appearance of the second true leaf. Root mucigel was produced in zones where clinoptilolite particles adhered to the root surface. Microscopic analysis of isolated roots showed the increase of secondary roots and the proliferation of root hairs in maize treated with both micronized and granular clinoptilolite, with the contemporary production of root mucigel in zones where zeolite particles adhered to the root surface. It is hypothesized that the enhanced production of mucigel by root cells can favour not only the penetration of roots into the inert substrate, but also the solubilization of organic matter and nutrient availability, in particular when micronized clinoptilolite was present in the growing medium. Therefore, micronized clinoptilolite behaved as a sort of a “physical stimulant” for roots during seedlings, promoting, as a consequence, maize shoot development. Effectively, the highest increase in shoot growth was observed at the highest dose (3% v/v) of micronized zeolite, with the optimal rate of organic fertilizer (100 mgF×Lsubst-1).

Download Full-text

Worldwide strains of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia are endophytic in banana roots and promote plant growth

10.1101/2020.06.10.144550 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Mingot-Ureta ◽

Federico Lopez-Moya ◽

Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca

Keyword(s):

Root Colonization ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Root Surface ◽

Nematophagous Fungus ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Root Cells ◽

Pochonia Chlamydosporia ◽

Promote Plant Growth ◽

Spore Inoculation

SUMMARYThe biocontrol fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, colonizes endophytically banana roots. Root hairs and root surface were found colonize by the fungus using a stable GFP transformant. Hyphal penetration of root cells was also observed. Spores of P. chlamydosporia 123, significantly increase root and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets (Musa acuminata cv. ‘Dwarf Cavendish’) in growth chamber experiments 30 days post-inoculation (dpi). In greenhouse 8L pot experiments, P. chlamydosporia 123 spore inoculation significantly increases leaf and root length and leaf weight in banana plants (75 dpi). Spore inoculation of P. chlamydosporia strains from worldwide origin (Pc21 Italy, Pc123 Spain, Pc399 China, and Pccat Cuba), significantly increases root, corm and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets. Pc21 was the best colonizer of banana roots. Consequently, this strain significantly increases most banana root and leaf length. Root colonization by P. chlamydosporia was also detected using cultural techniques and qPCR.

Download Full-text

Isolates of the Nematophagous Fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia Are Endophytic in Banana Roots and Promote Plant Growth

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091299 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1299

Author(s):

Cristina Mingot-Ureta ◽

Federico Lopez-Moya ◽

Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca

Keyword(s):

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Root Surface ◽

Nematophagous Fungus ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Root Cells ◽

Pochonia Chlamydosporia ◽

Green Fluorescent ◽

Spore Inoculation

The biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia colonizes banana roots endophytically. Root hairs and root surface were colonized by a stable GFP (green fluorescent protein) transformant of the fungus. Hyphal penetration in root cells was also observed. Spores of P. chlamydosporia 123, significantly increase root and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets (Musa acuminata cv. ‘Dwarf Cavendish’) in growth chamber experiments 30 days post-inoculation. In greenhouse 8-L pot experiments, P. chlamydosporia 123 spore inoculation significantly increases root, corm and leaf length, and leaf weight in banana plants (75 days post-inoculation). Spore inoculation of P. chlamydosporia strains from diverse origin (Pc21, Pc123, Pc399, and Pccat), significantly increase root, corm and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets. Pc21 from Italy was the best colonizer of banana roots. Consequently, this strain significantly increases banana root and leaf length most. Root colonization by P. chlamydosporia was also detected using cultural techniques and qPCR.

Download Full-text

Cytological and histochemical characteristics of the axenic root surface of Alnus glutinosa

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b86-296 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (10) ◽

pp. 2216-2226 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yves Prin ◽

Mireille Rougier

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Root Hair ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Root Apex ◽

Alnus Glutinosa ◽

Root Surface ◽

Infection Process ◽

Root Cap ◽

A Cell ◽

Histochemical Tests

The aim of the present study was to investigate the Alnus root surface using seedlings grown axenically. This study has focused on root zones where infection by the symbiotic actinomycete Frankia takes place. The zones examined extend from the root cap to the emerging root hair zone. The root cap ensheaths the Alnus root apex and extends over the root surface as a layer of highly flattened cells closely appressed to the root epidermal cell wall. These cells contain phenolic compounds as demonstrated by various histochemical tests. They are externally bordered by a thin cell wall coated by a thin mucilage layer. The root cap is ruptured when underlying epidermal cells elongate, and cell remnants are still found in the emerging root hair zone. Young emerging root hairs are bordered externally by a cell wall covered by a thin mucilage layer which reacts positively to the tests used for the detection of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and anionic sites. The characteristics of the Alnus root surface and the biological function of mucilage and phenols present at the root surface are discussed in relation to the infection process.

Download Full-text

Structure and ontogeny of Betula alleghaniensis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b90-077 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 579-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

H. B. Massicotte ◽

R. L. Peterson ◽

C. A. Ackerley ◽

L. H. Melville

Keyword(s):

Root Hairs ◽

Root Surface ◽

Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽

Initial Contact ◽

Broad Host Range ◽

Betula Alleghaniensis ◽

Cortical Cells ◽

Structural Modifications ◽

Hartig Net ◽

Primary Roots

The ontogeny and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) and Pisolithus tinctorius, a broad host range fungus, were studied to determine the structural modifications in both symbionts during ectomycorrhiza establishment. A number of stages, including initial contact of hyphae with the root surface, early mantle formation, and mature mantle formation, were distinguished. Interactions between hyphae and root hairs were frequent. As a paraepidermal Hartig net developed, root epidermal cells elongated in a radial direction, but wall ingrowths were not formed. Repeated branching of Hartig net hyphae resulted in extensive fine branches and the compartmentalization of hyphal cytoplasm. Nuclei and elongated mitochondria were frequently located in the narrow cytoplasmic compartments, and [Formula: see text] thickenings developed along walls of cortical cells in primary roots.

Download Full-text

Rhythmic patterns of nutrient acquisition by wheat roots

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp01130 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 595 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Sergey Shabala ◽

Andrew Knowles

Keyword(s):

Root Zone ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Rhythmic Activity ◽

Root Apex ◽

Root Surface ◽

Ion Flux ◽

Nutrient Acquisition ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Functional Zone

Oscillatory patterns in H+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- uptake were observed at different regions of the root surface, including root hairs, using a non-invasive ion flux measuring technique (the MIFE™ technique). To our knowledge, this is the first report of ultradian oscillations in nutrient acquisition in the mature root zone. Oscillations of the largest magnitude were usually measured in the elongation region, 2–4 mm from the root apex. There were usually at least two oscillatory components present for each ion measured: fast, with periods of several minutes; and slow, with periods of 50–80 min. Even within the same functional zone, the periods of ion flux oscillations were significantly different, suggesting that they are driven by some internal mechanisms located in each cell rather than originating from one ‘central clock pacemaker’. There were also significant changes in the oscillatory characteristics (both periods and amplitudes) of fluxes from a single small cluster of cells over time. Analysis of phase shifts between oscillations in different ions suggested that rhythmic activity of a plasma membrane H+-pump may be central to observed rhythmic nutrient acquisition by plant roots. We discuss the possible adaptive significance of such an oscillatory strategy for root nutrient acquisition.

Download Full-text

Root hairs bridge the gap between roots and soil water

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-11660 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Duddek ◽

Mutez Ahmed ◽

Mohsen Zarebanadkouki ◽

Nicolai Koebernick ◽

Goran Lovric ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Uptake ◽

Contact Area ◽

Geodesic Distance ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Root Water Uptake ◽

Root Surface ◽

Particle Packing ◽

Biophysical Properties ◽

Soil Matrix ◽

Water Potentials

Although 40% of total terrestrial precipitation transits the rhizosphere, there is still substantive lack of understanding of the rhizosphere biophysical properties and their impact on root water uptake. Our hypothesis is that roots are capable of altering the biophysical properties of the rhizosphere and hereby facilitating root water uptake. In particular, we expect that root hairs maintain the hydraulic contact between roots and soil at low water potentials.&#160;We have recently shown that root hairs facilitate root water uptake in dry soils at high transpiration rates. Our explanation was that root hairs extend the effective root radius decreasing the flow velocity at the root surface and hence the drop in matric potential across the rhizosphere.To test this hypothesis, we used synchrotron X-ray CT to image the distribution of root hairs in soils. The experiments were conducted with two maize genotypes (with and without root hairs) grown in two soil textures (loam vs sand). Segmenting the different domains within the high-resolution images enabled us to quantify the contact area of the root surface and root hairs with the soil matrix at different water potentials. Furthermore, we calculated the geodesic distance between the root and the soil matrix as a proxy of the accessibility of water to the root.The results show that root hairs increase the total root surface by approx. 30% and the contact area with the soil matrix by approx. 40%. Furthermore, the average distance from the soil to the root surface decreases by approx. 40% due to hairs, which is the effect of root hairs preferentially growing through macropores. In summary, root hairs not only increase the root surface and the root-soil contact area, but also bridge the air-filled pores between the root epidermis and the soil matrix, thus facilitating the extraction of water. &#160;On top of that, the segmented CT images are also the basis for image-based models aiming at quantifying root water uptake and the effect of root hairs.&#160;&#160;References<ul><li>(1) Koebernick N, Daly KR, Keyes SD, et al. 2019. Imaging microstructure of the barley rhizosphere: particle packing and root hair influences. New Phytologist 221, 1878&#8211;1889.</li> <li>(2) Carminati A, Benard P, Ahmed MA, Zarebanadkouki M. 2017. Liquid bridges at the root-soil interface. Plant and Soil 417, 1&#8211;15.</li> </ul>&#160;

Download Full-text

Factors affecting adsorption of Azospirillum brasilense Cd to root hairs as compared with root surface of wheat

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m89-155 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 35 (10) ◽

pp. 936-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Yoav Bashan ◽

Hanna Levanony

Keyword(s):

Azospirillum Brasilense ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Root Surface ◽

Logarithmic Phase ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Beneficial Bacteria ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Associative Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Adsorption

Electron microscopy of wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense Cd revealed massive adsorption of bacterial cells to the root surface and less adsorption to root hairs. Quantitative analysis of A. brasilense Cd adsorption to root surface and to root hairs, confirmed qualitatively by light microscopy observations, revealed a bacterial adsorption ratio of 5 (+2): 1 (root surface: root hairs). Extreme bacterial adsorption ratios were recorded when bacteria were previously grown in the presence of KNO3 (27:1) or when bacterial cells were inoculated under hydroponic plant growth conditions (80:1). Adsorption of A. brasilense Cd to roots was directly related to the bacterial growth phase, with logarithmic phase cultures demonstrating a greater adsorption than stationary phase cultures. Adsorption to root hairs was dependent mainly on the number of root hairs developed under certain growth conditions. When very few root hairs had developed, most of the bacterial cells were adsorbed to the root surface. Factors such as starvation, bacteria grown in culture in the presence of KNO3, addition of several nutrients, and protease or NaEDTA treatments of bacterial cells before the adsorption assay decreased bacterial adsorption to root hairs. Other factors such as microaerophilic growth conditions, addition of several bacterial chemoattractants, and cellulase-treated root hairs enhanced bacterial adsorption. It is proposed that although A. brasilense Cd adsorbed to every part of the root system, more cells adsorbed to the root surface of wheat than to the root hairs.Key words: associative bacteria, Azospirillum, bacterial adsorption, beneficial bacteria, rhizosphere bacteria, root-hair colonization.

Download Full-text

Aeration bioreactor-electric decontamination of droppings

The Agrarian Scientific Journal ◽

10.28983/asj.y2020i4pp75-78 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 75-78

Author(s):

Dmitry Valeryevich Guryanov ◽

Viktor Dmitrievich Khmyrov ◽

Yuliya Viktorovna Guryanova

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Direct Current ◽

Low Cost ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Environmentally Safe

The article deals with decontamination during the processing of manure into organic fertilizer by an electric field of direct current. As a result of decontamination of the litter in this way, there is a significant destruction of fungal colonies. Microscopic analysis of the quantitative composition of fungal colonies was performed. The analysis showed that the fungal colonies of Mucor and Bacillus are reduced by 43 and 20 percent, respectively. It was revealed that the method of electric disinfection and processing of manure into organic fertilizer is low-cost, effective and environmentally safe.

Download Full-text

Root hair specification and its growth in response to nutrients

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha49212258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 12258

Author(s):

Xian HUANG ◽

Tianzhi GONG ◽

Mei LI ◽

Cenghong HU ◽

Dejian ZHANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Hair ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Plant Root ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Hair Development ◽

Hair Development ◽

Calcium Iron

Plant root hairs are cylindrical tubular projections from root epidermal cells. They increase the root surface area, which is important for the acquisition of water and nutrients, microbe interactions, and plant anchorage. The root hair specification, the effect of root hairs on nutrient acquisition and the mechanisms of nutrients (calcium, iron, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) that affect root hair development and growth were reviewed. The gene regulatory network on root hair specification in the plant kingdom was highlighted. More work is needed to clone the genes of additional root hair mutants and elucidate their roles, as well as undertaking reverse genetics and mutant complementation studies to add to the current knowledge of the signaling networks, which are involved in root hair development and growth regulated by nutrients.

Download Full-text

Pemanfaatan Tanah Mediteranian Sebagai Media Pembibitan Budset Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.) Varietas Bululawang dengan Penambahan Pupuk Kandang pada Dosis yang Berbeda

MEDIAGRO ◽

10.31942/md.v17i2.4918 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Saktiyono Sigit Tri Pamungkas

Keyword(s):

Soil Structure ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Livestock Manure ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Bud Set ◽

Growing Medium ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Mediterranean Soil

Abstract The decrease in the productivity of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) can be pursued through intensification with treatment in the nursery. However, it is increasingly difficult to find a good growing medium for plants, such as mediterranean soil must be managed. One of the efforts is to increase soil fertility by adding livestock manure which has the potential as organic fertilizer so that it is expected to improve soil structure and add nutrients. This study aims to determine the dose of organic fertilizer in sugarcane bud set nurseries on media with the addition of lime soil. This research was carried out at the independent farm. This study used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with one factor, namely the dose of organic fertilizer (0, 125, 250, 375, and 500 grams/polybag) with 3 replications. The results showed that the addition of organic fertilizer had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter of sugarcane nurseries. The best application of organic fertilizer in sugarcane bud set nurseries is a dose of 250 grams/polybag. Keywords: Sugarcane, Nurseries, Mediterranean Soil, Livestock Manure, Organic Fertilizer

Download Full-text