scholarly journals Factors Associated with Uptake of HIV Test Results in a Nationally Representative Population-Based AIDS Indicator Survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Mwangi ◽  
Timothy A. Kellogg ◽  
Sufia S. Dadabhai ◽  
Rebecca Bunnell ◽  
Godfrey Baltazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Undiagnosed Hiv ◽  
Nationally Representative

Population-based surveys with HIV testing in settings with low testing coverage provide opportunities for participants to learn their HIV status. Survey participants (15-64 years) in a 2007 nationally representative population-based HIV serologic survey in Kenya received a voucher to collect HIV test results at health facilities 6 weeks after blood draw. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify predictors of individual and couple collection of results. Of 15,853 adults consenting to blood draw, 7,222 (46.7%) collected HIV test results (46.5% men, 46.8% women). A third (39.5%) of HIV-infected adults who were unaware of their infection and 48.2% of those who had never been tested learned their HIV status during KAIS. Individual collection of HIV results was associated with older age, with the highest odds among adults aged 60-64 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.1); rural residence (AOR 1.8, 95%CI 1.2-2.6); and residence outside Nairobi, with the highest odds in the sparsely populated North Eastern province (AOR 8.0, 95%CI 2.9-21.8). Of 2,685 married/cohabiting couples, 18.5% collected results as a couple. Couples in Eastern province and in the second and middle wealth quintiles were more likely to collect results than those in Nairobi (AOR 3.2, 95%CI 1.1-9.4) and the lowest wealth quintile (second AOR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1-2.3; middle AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.3, respectively. Many participants including those living with HIV learned their HIV status in KAIS. Future surveys need to address low uptake of results among youth, urban residents, couples and those with undiagnosed HIV infection.

scholarly journals SURPRISING RESULTS: HIV TESTING AND CHANGES IN CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICES AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN MALAWI

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christie Sennott ◽  
Sara Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
New Information ◽  
Hiv Test

SummaryThis study uses eight waves of data from the population-based Tsogolo la Thanzi study (2009–2011) in rural Malawi to examine changes in young women’s contraceptive practices, including the use of condoms, non-barrier contraceptive methods and abstinence, following positive and negative HIV tests. The analysis factors in women’s prior perceptions of their HIV status that may already be shaping their behaviour and separates surprise HIV test results from those that merely confirm what was already believed. Fixed-effects logistic regression models show that HIV testing frequently affects the contraceptive practices of young Malawian women, particularly when the test yields an unexpected result. Specifically, women who are surprised to test HIV positive increase their condom use and are more likely to use condoms consistently. Following an HIV-negative test (whether a surprise or expected), women increase their use of condoms and decrease their use of non-barrier contraceptives; the latter may be due to an increase in abstinence following a surprise negative result. Changes in condom use following HIV testing are robust to the inclusion of potential explanatory mechanisms, including fertility preferences, relationship status and the perception that a partner is HIV positive. The results demonstrate that both positive and negative tests can influence women’s sexual and reproductive behaviours, and emphasize the importance of conceptualizing of HIV testing as offering new information only insofar as results deviate from prior perceptions of HIV status.

scholarly journals Refusal bias in HIV data from the Demographic and Health Surveys: Evaluation, critique and recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-826
Author(s):  
Oyelola A Adegboye ◽  
Tomoki Fujii ◽  
Denis HY Leung
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Practical Implications

Non-response is a commonly encountered problem in many population-based surveys. Broadly speaking, non-response can be due to refusal or failure to contact the sample units. Although both types of non-response may lead to bias, there is much evidence to indicate that it is much easier to reduce the proportion of non-contacts than to do the same with refusals. In this article, we use data collected from a nationally representative survey under the Demographic and Health Surveys program to study non-response due to refusals to HIV testing in Malawi. We review existing estimation methods and propose novel approaches to the estimation of HIV prevalence that adjust for refusal behaviour. We then explain the data requirement and practical implications of the conventional and proposed approaches. Finally, we provide some general recommendations for handling non-response due to refusals and we highlight the challenges in working with Demographic and Health Surveys and explore different approaches to statistical estimation in the presence of refusals. Our results show that variation in the estimated HIV prevalence across different estimators is due largely to those who already know their HIV test results. In the case of Malawi, variations in the prevalence estimates due to refusals for women are larger than those for men.

scholarly journals Strategies for delivery of HIV test results in population-based HIV seroprevalence surveys: a review of the evidence

Public Health ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
M.H. Bateganya ◽  
K.M. Sileo ◽  
R.K. Wanyenze ◽  
S.M. Kiene
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Seroprevalence ◽  
Hiv Test

scholarly journals Gay's Self-Acceptance Process on HIV Positive Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Popy Apri Yanti ◽  
Dhesi Ari Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
The Self ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Homosexual Orientation ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Self Acceptance ◽  
Over Time

Men with a homosexual orientation are more likely to experience depression than women who have a homosexual orientation. The purpose of this study was to conclude and examine the literatures related to the process of self-acceptance of Gays who were HIV positive. The method used was literature review by searching indexed articles from several database sources such as from PubMed, Proquest Disbursement of databases, scanning, and screening. In the search for the articles, 832 articles were identified. In addition, after filtering the titles, abstracts, and research methods, 103 articles were obtained to be taken and reviewed independently based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, a further article screening was carried out to find accurate and complete references regarding the self-acceptance process for ga  MSM who were HIV positive and obtained 10 articles for a critical appraisal. The author filtered the articles based on the critical appraisal results and obtained 4 articles for a final review based on the period of 2013 to 2018, and identified using an electronic database.The findings showed the process of self-acceptance of gay people who are HIV positive. The responses when they first found out that they were HIV positive mostly showed the same response, namely experiencing anxiety, shock, distrust and rejection of the HIV test results in the form stress and depression. Over time, the informants accepted themselves as HIV positive sufferers in a resigned and strong form. Most of them had not disclosed their HIV status, especially to their partners and families because they were afraid of rejection and stigma.

scholarly journals A Strategy for PrEP Clinicians to Manage Ambiguous HIV Test Results During Follow-up Visits

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn K Smith ◽  
William M Switzer ◽  
Philip Peters ◽  
Kevin P Delaney ◽  
Timothy C Granade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Testing Algorithms ◽  
Effective Treatment Regimen ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Prompt determination of HIV infection status is critical during follow-up visits for patients taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication. Those who are uninfected can then continue safely taking PrEP, and those few who have acquired HIV infection can initiate an effective treatment regimen. However, a few recent cases have been reported of ambiguous HIV test results using common testing algorithms in PrEP patients. We review published reports of such cases and testing options that can be used to clarify true HIV status in these situations. In addition, we review the benefits and risks of 3 antiretroviral management options in these patients: (1) continue PrEP while conducting additional HIV tests, (2) initiate antiretroviral therapy for presumptive HIV infection while conducting confirmatory tests, or (3) discontinue PrEP to reassess HIV status after a brief antiretroviral-free interval. A clinical consultation resource is also provided.

scholarly journals No Association between HPV Vaccination and Infertility in U.S. Females 18-33 Years Old

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Mooney ◽  
Nicholas B. Schmuhl ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Laura G. Cooney ◽  
James H. Conway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Hpv Vaccines ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Nationally Representative

ABSTRACTBackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been recommended as primary prevention of HPV-related cancers for over 10 years in the United States, and evidence reveals decreased incidence of HPV infections following vaccination. However, concerns have been raised that HPV vaccines could decrease fertility. This study examined the relationship between HPV immunization and self-reported infertility in a nationally representative sample.MethodsData from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to asses likelihood of self-reported infertility among women aged 20 to 33, who were young enough to have been offered HPV vaccines and old enough to have been queried about infertility (n=1,114). Two logistic regression models, stratified by marital history, examined potential associations between HPV vaccination and infertility. Model 1 assessed the likelihood of infertility among women who had never been pregnant or whose pregnancies occurred prior to HPV vaccination. Model 2 accounted for the possibility of latent and/or non-permanent post-vaccine infertility by including all women 20-33 years old.Results8.1% reported any infertility. Women who had ever been married and had received an HPV vaccine were less likely to report infertility (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.01-0.57) in model 1. No other associations between HPV and infertility were found.ConclusionThere was no evidence of increased infertility among women who received the HPV vaccine. These results provide further evidence of HPV vaccine safety and should give providers confidence in recommending HPV vaccination. Further research should explore protective effects of HPV vaccines on female and male fertility.What is already known on this subject?Despite evidence that HPV vaccines are safe and effective, concerns persist regarding a purported link between HPV vaccination and infertility. These concerns were refuted by a recent population-based cohort study that found no association between the HPV vaccine and primary ovarian insufficiency.What this study adds?This study broadens the existing evidence by exploring possible associations between HPV vaccination and any self-reported infertility. There was no evidence of infertility among women 20-33 years old who received one or more doses of HPV vaccine. This result provides further evidence of HPV vaccine safety, diminishing remaining concerns among clinicians and the public.

HIV-Positive Out-of-Treatment Drug Users Who are Unaware of Their HIV Status: Predictors of Who Gets Tested and Who Returns for Test Results

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiela M. Strauss ◽  
Sherry Deren ◽  
David M. Rindskopf ◽  
Gregory P. Falkin
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Biological Specimen ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Using Data

Many HIV positive drug users are unaware that they have the virus, either because they never obtained testing for HIV or because they submitted a biological specimen for testing but never returned to obtain the result of the test. Using data collected from a large multi-site sample of out-of-treatment HIV positive drug users (N=1,544), we identify a variety of socio-demographic characteristics and drug use and sexual risk behaviors that differentiate HIV-positive individuals who had obtained HIV testing in the past and those who had not and, among those who had been tested, what differentiates individuals who had returned to obtain their HIV test results and those who had failed to return. Results of the analyses suggest that there is a need to target different subgroups of high risk drug users for interventions to obtain HIV testing as compared with those that need encouragement to obtain the results of this testing.

scholarly journals Repeat HIV testing of individuals with discrepant HIV self-test results in Central Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Kisa ◽  
Joseph K. B. Matovu ◽  
Esther Buregyeya ◽  
William Musoke ◽  
Caroline J. Vrana-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Weak Band ◽  
Rapid Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Self Test ◽  
Dna Pcr ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background According to the user instructions from the manufacturer of OraQuick HIV self-test (HIVST) kits, individuals whose kits show one red band should be considered to be HIV-negative, no matter how weak the band is. However, recent reports show potential for a second false weak band after storage, thereby creating confusion in the interpretation of results. In this study, we re-tested individuals whose results were initially non-reactive but changed to weak reactive results to determine their true HIV status. Methods This study was nested within a large, cluster-randomized HIVST trial implemented among pregnant women attending antenatal care and their male partners in central Uganda between July 2016 and February 2017. Ninety-five initially HIV-negative respondents were enrolled into this study, including 52 whose kits developed a second weak band while in storage and 43 whose kits were interpreted as HIV-positive by interviewers at the next follow-up interview. Respondents were invited to return for repeat HIVST which was performed under the observation of a trained nurse counsellor. After HIVST, respondents underwent blood-based rapid HIV testing as per the national HIV testing algorithm (Determine (Abbot Laboratories), STAT-PAK (Chembio Diagnostic Systems Inc.) and Unigold (Trinity Biotech plc.) and dry blood spots were obtained for DNA/PCR testing. DNA/PCR was considered as the gold-standard HIV testing method. Results After repeat HIVST, 90 (94.7%) tested HIV-negative; 2 (2.1%) tested HIV-positive; and 3 (3.2%) had missing HIV test results. When respondents were subjected to blood-based rapid HIV testing, 97.9% (93/95) tested HIV-negative while 2.1% (2/95) tested HIV-positive. Finally, when the respondents were subjected to DNA/PCR, 99% (94/95) tested HIV-negative while 1.1% (1/95) tested HIV-positive. Conclusions Nearly all initially HIV-negative individuals whose HIVST kits developed a second weak band while in storage or were interpreted as HIV-positive by interviewers were found to be HIV-negative after confirmatory DNA/PCR HIV testing. These findings suggest a need for HIV-negative individuals whose HIVST results change to false positive while under storage or under other sub-optimal conditions to be provided with an option for repeat testing to determine their true HIV status.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Covariates of Food Insecurity Across Gestation and Postpartum Among Women of Mixed HIV Status in Nyanza Region, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 834-834
Author(s):  
Gloria Guevara Alvarez ◽  
Joshua D Miller ◽  
Marianne Santoso ◽  
Maricianah Onono ◽  
Sera Young
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

Abstract Objectives Food insecurity (FI) is recognized as an important predictor of a range of health outcomes, including HIV acquisition and progression. Less is understood about the drivers of FI during the first 1000 days. Therefore we assessed the prevalence and covariates of FI among women of mixed HIV status in southwestern Kenya from pregnancy to 21 months postpartum. Methods The prevalence of FI was measured amongst all pregnant women attending 7 antenatal clinics in the Nyanza region, Kenya (n = 954) between 2015 and 2017 using the Individually Focused Food Insecurity Access Scale (IFIAS, range: 0–27). Subsequently, equal proportions of HIV-infected and -uninfected pregnant women (n = 363) were enrolled into an observational study and surveyed at 9 timepoints. Results In the population-based sample, 81% were severely food insecure. In the study cohort, the mean (SD) IFIAS score was 15.4 (6.1); 88% were considered severely food insecure. In longitudinal logistic regression models of FI (severe vs. not severe) from pregnancy to 21 m postpartum, greater depression scores, lower social support, greater stress, rural residence, and having dependents under 15-years were associated with greater IFIAS scores. Surprisingly, HIV infection, gestation age, education, and maternal age did not predict IFIAS scores. Conclusions These findings suggest programs in severely food insecure communities should also address psychosocial well-being of women to improve health outcomes. Funding Sources National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH098902 and R21MH108444).

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