Speciation and Infrageneric Classification in the Planktonic Dinoflagellate Tripos (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa

Background: The genus Tripos, formerly marine species of Ceratium, is the dinoflagellate with the greatest number of species and infraspecific taxa (~800) due to the high morphological intraspecific variability of numerous species. In the past, the species of Tripos were proposed into distinct genera. Objective: To propose an infrageneric classification and to review the taxonomy and nomenclature of each taxon in order to establish the correct species and synonymy. Method: Observations from the Mediterranean Sea, and Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, a review of the original descriptions and further literature, and the available molecular data. Results: re-instatement of this generic split is not justified due the difficulties to circumscribe the basal subgenera Amphiceratium and Archaeceratium, and the polyphyletic character of Biceratium. The subgenus Amphiceratium is dismembered after the classification of the sections Inflata and partially Fusiformia into Archaeceratium. The subgenus Tripos (autonym) replaces other names such as Tripoceratium or Orthoceratium. Based on the original descriptions, the records of T. furca and T. lineatus correspond to T. eugrammus and T. furca, respectively, and T. macroceros has been reported as T. contrarius. The names T. belone and T. carriensis have been misapplied for T. pacificus and T. volans, respectively. Tripos arcuatus, T. gracilis, T. inclinatus, T. scapiformis and T. subcontortus are revived to replace T. euarcuatus, T. declinatus, T. horridus, T. longirostrum and T. contortus, respectively. The species T. ramakrishnae and T. fusus var. schuettii were described from individuals infected by endoparasites. Tripos rotundatus comb. nov. is proposed for C. digitatum var. rotundatum. Conclusion: Tripos is restricted to 57 correct species, although the speciation and synonymy is largely incomplete due to lack of studies in the life cycle and molecular data.

scholarly journals Speciation and infrageneric classification in the planktonic dinoflagellate Tripos (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa

The genus Tripos , formerly marine species of Ceratium , is the dinoflagellate with the greatest number of species and infraspecific taxa (~800) due to the high morphological intraspecific variability of numerous species. In the past, the species of Tripos were proposed into distinct genera. A re-instatement of this generic split is not justified due the difficulties to circumscribe the basal subgenera Amphiceratium and Archaeceratium , and the polyphyletic character of Biceratium . A new infrageneric classification is proposed. The subgenus Amphiceratium is dismembered after the classification of the sections Inflata and partially Fusiformia into Archaeceratium . The subgenus Tripos (autonym) replaces other names such as Tripoceratium or Orthoceratium . Based on the original descriptions, the records of T. furca and T. lineatus correspond to T. eugrammus and T. furca , respectively, and T. macroceros has been reported as T. contrarius . The names T. belone and T. carriensis have been misapplied for T. pacificus and T. volans , respectively. Tripos arcuatus , T. gracilis , T. inclinatus , T. scapiformis and T. subcontortus are revived to replace T. euarcuatus , T. declinatus , T. horridus , T. longirostrum and T. contortus , respectively. The species T. ramakrishnae and T. fusus var. schuettii were described from individuals infected by endoparasites. Tripos rotundatus comb. nov . is proposed for C. digitatum var. rotundatum. As a result of taxonomic revision, Tripos is restricted to 57 correct species, although the speciation and synonymy is largely incomplete due to lack of studies in the life cycle and molecular data.

Phylogeny, major clades and infrageneric classification of Corymbia (Myrtaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphology

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Parra-O. ◽  
Michael J. Bayly ◽  
Andrew Drinnan ◽  
Frank Udovicic ◽  
Pauline Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Nuclear Rdna ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Taxonomic Categories

Phylogenetic relationships of sections and species within Corymbia (Myrtaceae), the bloodwood eucalypts, were evaluated by using combined analyses of nuclear rDNA (ETS + ITS) and morphological characters. Combining morphological characters with molecular data provided resolution of relationships within Corymbia. The analyses supported the monophyly of the genus and recognition of the following two major clades, treated here as new subgenera: subgenus Corymbia, including informal sections recognised by Hill and Johnson (1995), namely Rufaria (red bloodwoods), Apteria and Fundoria; and subgenus Blakella, including sections Politaria (spotted gums), Cadagaria, Blakearia (paper-fruited bloodwoods or ghost gums) and Ochraria (yellow bloodwoods). Hill and Johnson’s section Rufaria is monophyletic if Apteria and Fundoria are included. It is evident that, among the red bloodwoods, series are not monophyletic and several morphological characters result from convergent evolution. There was strong morphological and molecular evidence that the three species of red bloodwoods that occur in south-western Western Australia (series Gummiferae: C. calophylla and C. haematoxylon, and series Ficifoliae: C. ficifolia) form a monophyletic group, separate from the eastern C. gummifera (series Gummiferae), which is probably sister to the clade of all other red bloodwoods. Phylogenetic results supported recognition of new taxonomic categories within Corymbia, and these are formalised here.

Corrigendum to: Phylogeny, major clades and infrageneric classification of Corymbia (Myrtaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphology

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Parra-O. ◽  
Michael J. Bayly ◽  
Andrew Drinnan ◽  
Frank Udovicic ◽  
Pauline Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Nuclear Rdna ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Taxonomic Categories

Phylogenetic relationships of sections and species within Corymbia (Myrtaceae), the bloodwood eucalypts, were evaluated by using combined analyses of nuclear rDNA (ETS + ITS) and morphological characters. Combining morphological characters with molecular data provided resolution of relationships within Corymbia. The analyses supported the monophyly of the genus and recognition of the following two major clades, treated here as new subgenera: subgenus Corymbia, including informal sections recognised by Hill and Johnson (1995), namely Rufaria (red bloodwoods), Apteria and Fundoria; and subgenus Blakella, including sections Politaria (spotted gums), Cadagaria, Blakearia (paper-fruited bloodwoods or ghost gums) and Ochraria (yellow bloodwoods). Hill and Johnson's section Rufaria is monophyletic if Apteria and Fundoria are included. It is evident that, among the red bloodwoods, series are not monophyletic and several morphological characters result from convergent evolution. There was strong morphological and molecular evidence that the three species of red bloodwoods that occur in south-western Western Australia (series Gummiferae: C. calophylla and C. haematoxylon, and series Ficifoliae: C. ficifolia) form a monophyletic group, separate from the eastern C. gummifera (series Gummiferae), which is probably sister to the clade of all other red bloodwoods. Phylogenetic results supported recognition of new taxonomic categories within Corymbia, and these are formalised here.

Comparative leaf micromorphology of Drypetes and Putranjiva (Putranjivaceae) and its taxonomic significance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akeem B Kadiri ◽  
Alexandra N Muellner-Riehl
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Leaf Micromorphology ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Doubtful Species ◽  
Epidermal Features ◽  
Micromorphological Characters

Abstract Putranjivaceae are a pantropically distributed but poorly known glucosinulate-producing family of three genera (Drypetes, Putranjiva and Sibangea), previously included in Euphorbiaceae subfamily Phyllanthoideae. Characters of the leaf epidermis were previously suggested as being of infrafamilial taxonomic relevance, but epidermal features of the three genera have not so far been compared in the light of the phylogenetic relationships recovered by molecular data. Therefore, we compared the leaf micromorphology of 44 (out of c. 200) Drypetes spp. and two (out of three) Putranjiva spp. using light microscopy. Our findings revealed that there are more stomata types than previously reported in both genera. We also present a new record of stomatal complexes and epidermal cell characteristics. The cell wall ornamentation character on both surfaces of the epidermis is useful for distinguishing D. aframensis subsp. aframensis. Based on a combination of the studied characters, doubtful species of Drypetes and Putranjiva are recognizable as belonging to the two genera, and this will require taxonomic and nomenclatural adjustments. Other taxonomically useful characters are trichome distribution and types and leaf areole shape and tertiary veins branching patterns that appear to be relatively constant across the two genera. Oil droplets located within the cell lumen in Putranjiva differentiates it from Drypetes, where they inwardly streak the epidermal walls among other features. Thus, our study provides evidence that the investigated leaf micromorphological characters are useful for distinguishing the species of the two genera, and they corroborate the existing infrageneric classification of Drypetes that was based on exomorphology.

Centipede systematics: progress and problems*

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1668 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE
Keyword(s):  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Middle Devonian ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Past

Breakthroughs in centipede systematics over the past 25 years have included: a stable morphology-based cladogram for ordinal interrelationships that is largely congruent with well-sampled nuclear ribosomal genes; the discovery of mid Palaeozoic crown-group fossils, including Silurian-Devonian stem-group Scutigeromorpha and an extinct order in the Middle Devonian; and, a web-based catalogue of all centipede species globally. Challenges include species delimitation in several groups, conflict between different kinds of molecular data (nuclear coding genes versus ribosomal genes), the inter-familial relationships and classification of the Geophilomorpha in particular, and effecting a synthesis between microanatomical studies of selected ‘model’ species and dense taxonomic sampling in numerical phylogenetic analyses.

Does GenBank provide a reliable DNA barcode reference to identify small alien oysters invading the Mediterranean Sea?

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Crocetta ◽  
P. Mariottini ◽  
D. Salvi ◽  
M. Oliverio
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Species Specific

The Mediterranean Sea is currently under siege by a conspicuous alien pressure, and, within some families (e.g. the Ostreidae), the number of native species seems to be remarkably outnumbered by that of the alien ones. We wanted to test the reliability of the molecular data currently available on the small alien oysters recently invading the Mediterranean Sea. Samples from Greece and Turkey, encompassing the known species-specific morphological variation, were sequenced for the markers with the widest taxonomic coverage in the group of small oysters (i.e. the 16S rDNA and the COI). The sequences obtained have been compared with those available in GenBank, and a possible identification at the species level has been finally tested in a DNA-barcoding fashion. The present results clearly demonstrated that our samples belong to a single, morphologically highly variable species. Their 16S sequences were closely related to a sequence registered under the name Dendostrea folium, with a genetic distance which does not warrant conspecificity. Additionally, a remarkable number of sequences retrieved from the GenBank (of both genes) did not form a monophyletic group according to the published classification of the vouchers, suggesting—at least in part—an origin from specimens not properly identified. Both genes seem promising for use as DNA-barcode, although the COI will probably prove more effective. Therefore, we urge the availability of a baseline of oyster pedigreed DNA barcode sequences in the public databases, to allow the use of such genetic data to reliably monitor bio-invasions in the Mediterranean Sea.

Reassessing taxonomic relationships in the Berkheya clade (Asteraceae, Arctotideae–Gorteriinae): the utility of achene morphology

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ntombifikile Phaliso ◽  
Robert James McKenzie ◽  
Noluthando C Netnou-Nkoana ◽  
Per Ola Karis ◽  
Nigel P Barker
Keyword(s):  
Novel Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Species Grouping

The genus Berkheya is paraphyletic with the related genera Cullumia, Cuspidia, Didelta and Heterorhachis embedded within a broader clade termed the ‘Berkheya clade’. As a contribution towards reassessment of species relationships and delimitation of species groupings within the clade, the utility of external achene morphology for supporting natural species groups within the clade was evaluated. Achenes from 67 species and 10 infraspecific taxa were examined, including representatives of each genus currently recognised in the Berkheya clade. Achene pubescence and pappus characteristics (e.g., scale shape and number of scales within a series) were indicated to be particularly variable and thus less reliable for assessment of species relationships. Of the currently recognised genera, only segregation of Cullumia was supported by achene and pappus characteristics. Species groupings implicit in Roessler’s infrageneric classification of eight series within Berkheya were to a large extent supported. However, in particular, series Speciosae was indicated to be a disparate species grouping and the distinction of series Angustae and Cruciatae is not supported by achene and pappus morphology. Achene and pappus characteristics suggest several novel species groupings (e.g. an affinity between Berkheya cuneata, B. ferox and B. spinosa). Although the taxonomic sampling in published molecular phylogenetic analyses is limited, achene and pappus morphology partially supports clades resolved in prevailing phylogenetic reconstructions for the clade. More complete sampling in future molecular phylogenetic analyses is required to test novel species affinities suggested in the present study and to explore the evolution of the achene and pappus in the Berkheya clade.

scholarly journals REINSTATEMENT OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE GENUS Tripos TO REPLACE Neoceratium, MARINE SPECIES OF Ceratium (DINOPHYCEAE, ALVEOLATA)

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

Morphological and molecular data support the split at the genus level of the marine and freshwater species of the dinoflagellate Ceratium (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). A new genus name Neoceratium F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García was proposed for the marine species. However, it is considered illegitimate (type species is type of Biceratium Vanhöffen), and the nomenclatural priority is here given for the genus Tripos Bory (type species Tripos muelleri) which replaces Neoceratium. New combinations are proposed for the existing names of species and infraspecific taxa. Reinstalación del género de dinoflagelados Tripos para reemplazar a Neoceratium, especies marinas de Ceratium (Dinophyceae, Alveolata) Las evidencias morfológicas y moleculares apoyan la separación a nivel de género de las especies marinas y dulceacuícolas del dinoflagelado Ceratium (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). Así, el nuevo nombre genérico Neoceratium F. Gómez, D. Moreira & P. López-García se propuso para las especies marinas. Sin embargo, ha sido considerado ilegítimo (la especie tipo es el tipo de Biceratium Vanhöffen) y la prioridad en nomenclatura se otorga al género Tripos Bory. El género Tripos con la especie tipo Tripos muelleri remplaza a Neoceratium. Se proponen nuevas combinaciones para los nombres existentes de especies y taxones infraespecíficos.

ASPECTS IN BUILDING A COMPANY WEB-SITE AND ITS ROLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS

2018 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Petar Halachev ◽  
Victoria Radeva ◽  
Albena Nikiforova ◽  
Miglena Veneva
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Web Site ◽  
The Internet ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Web ◽  
Design Construction ◽  
Made In ◽  
Site Types

This report is dedicated to the role of the web site as an important tool for presenting business on the Internet. Classification of site types has been made in terms of their application in the business and the types of structures in their construction. The Models of the Life Cycle for designing business websites are analyzed and are outlined their strengths and weaknesses. The stages in the design, construction, commissioning, and maintenance of a business website are distinguished and the activities and requirements of each stage are specified.

Paepalanthus fabianeae (Eriocaulaceae): A New Microendemic Species from a Morphologically Coherent Clade

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-801
Author(s):  
Caroline Oliveira Andrino ◽  
Marcelo Fragomeni Simon ◽  
Jair Eustáquio Quintino Faria ◽  
André Luiz da Costa Moreira ◽  
Paulo Takeo Sano
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Espinhaço Range ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract—We describe and illustrate Paepalanthus fabianeae, a new species of Eriocaulaceae from the central portion of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Previous phylogenetic evidence based on analyses of nuclear (ITS and ETS) and plastid (trnL-trnF and psba-trnH) sequences revealed P. fabianeae as belonging to a strongly supported and morphologically coherent clade containing five other species, all of them microendemic, restricted to the Espinhaço range. Due to the infrageneric classification of Paepalanthus being highly artificial, we preferred not assigning P. fabianeae to any infrageneric group. Paepalanthus fabianeae is known from two populations growing in campos rupestres (highland rocky fields) in the meridional Espinhaço Range. The species is characterized by pseudodichotomously branched stems, small, linear, recurved, and reflexed leaves, urceolate capitula, and bifid stigmas. Illustrations, photos, the phylogenetic position, and a detailed description, as well as comments on habitat, morphology, and affinities with similar species are provided. The restricted area of occurrence allied with threats to the quality of the habitat, mainly due to quartzite mining, justifies the preliminary classification of the new species in the Critically Endangered (CR) category using the guidelines and criteria of the IUCN Red List.

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