Vitamin C Loaded Chemically Modified Nano Carrier for Human Health Care Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monalisha Sengupta ◽  
Md. Adil Shaharyar ◽  
Mahfoozur Rahman ◽  
Kumar Anand ◽  
Anindita Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
And Storage

Background: “Health is wealth” and to maintain it 7 essential nutrients are required. Among these, Vitamin is one that has great importance in very low concentration. As per the solubility, it divides into water-soluble and water-insoluble vitamins. This study concentrates on Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin which is essential for human growth due to its activity in the synthesis of carnitine, collagen, and neurotransmitter. It possesses antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and immunomodulatory functions, which may lead to the activity of Vitamin C in many diseases. But humans and some other non-human primates are unable to produce Vitamin C from glucose due to the absence of enzyme gulonolactone oxidase. As a result, humans are dependent on various dietary sources of Vc especially citrus fruit. But these dietary supplies also fail to achieve the required level in the body due to its poor bioavailability and storage. Method: Vitamin C has already proven its activity in cancer therapy. It is also used as a prodrug of H2O2. But due to the poor bioavailability and storage of Vitamin C in the human body, mankind is unable to avail the benefits of Vitamin C. These problems lead to generating different and suitable nanoformulations to incorporate Vitamin C and its derivatives into it. Different research work shows several ways to develop nanoformulations. Amongst all liposomes, microsphere, nanocarriers are of great importance. For Vitamin C incorporation into the nanoformulation, nanocarriers become the most popular choice for researchers. There were several nanocarrier systems developed using Chitosan- Alginate, Silica-Coated-Au Nanoparticles, Chitosan, Mesoporous-silica NCs for suitable incorporation of Vitamin C into these. The performances were assured by performing different in vitro and in vivo tests which will be discussed here. Result: As a result, Vitamin C is now in use for many purposes. It includes not only the above mentioned functions but also other functions too. Due to an antioxidant property, Vitamin C is able to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting ROS-mediated Nitric Oxide (NO) inactivation. Vitamin C helps to elevate the level of absorption of iron within the cell from dietary iron sources. It also prevents the oxidation of drugs. To achieve all these functions, NCs or nanoformulation plays a great role. Conclusion: It can be concluded that depending on the biocompatibility, loading capacity, protection of the loading molecule, efficiency of cellular uptake, controllable rate of release to achieve the desired effect, and many more factors, the choice of different Nanocarriers (NCs) will be done which ultimately help the human to use it for different purposes. This paper tries to gather some information in one place with respect to different experimental studies.

Human Skin Binding and Absorption of Contaminants from Ground and Surface Water During Swimming and Bathing

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Wester ◽  
Howard I. Maibach
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Human Stratum Corneum ◽  
Water Dilution

Contaminants exist in ground and surface water. Human skin has the capacity to bind and then absorb these contaminants into the body during swimming and bathing. Powdered human stratum corneum will bind both lipid-soluble (alachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], benzene) and water-soluble (nitroaniline) chemicals. In vitro (human skin) and in vivo (Rhesus monkey) studies show that these chemicals readily distribute into skin, and then some of the chemical is absorbed into the body. Linearity in binding and absorption exists for nitroaniline over a 10-fold concentration range. Multiple exposure to benzene is at least cumulative. Binding and absorption can be significant for exposures as short as 30 min, and will increase with time. Absorption with water dilution increased for alachlor, but not for dinoseb. Soap reversed the partitioning of alachlor between human stratum corneum and water. The PCBs could be removed from skin by soap and water (70% efficiency) for up to 3 h and then decontamination potential decreased, due to continuing skin absorption. The model in vitro and in vivo systems used should permit easy estimation of this area of extensive human exposure effect on risk assessment.

Polyphenols in Food: Cancer Prevention and Apoptosis Induction

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (36) ◽  
pp. 4740-4757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashita Sharma ◽  
Mandeep Kaur ◽  
Jatinder Kaur Katnoria ◽  
Avinash Kaur Nagpal
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups

Polyphenols are a group of water-soluble organic compounds, mainly of natural origin. The compounds having about 5-7 aromatic rings and more than 12 phenolic hydroxyl groups are classified as polyphenols. These are the antioxidants which protect the body from oxidative damage. In plants, they are the secondary metabolites produced as a defense mechanism against stress factors. Antioxidant property of polyphenols is suggested to provide protection against many diseases associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), including cancer. Various studies carried out across the world have suggested that polyphenols can inhibit the tumor generation, induce apoptosis in cancer cells and interfere in progression of tumors. This group of wonder compounds is present in surplus in natural plants and food products. Intake of polyphenols through diet can scavenge ROS and thus can help in cancer prevention. The plant derived products can also be used along with conventional chemotherapy to enhance the chemopreventive effects. The present review focuses on various in vitro and in vivo studies carried out to assess the anti-carcinogenic potential of polyphenols present in our food. Also, the pathways involved in cancer chemopreventive effects of various subclasses (flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes and phenolic acids) of polyphenols are discussed.

scholarly journals Combretastatins: An Overview of Structure, Probable Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak ◽  
Esra Küpeli Akkol ◽  
Yasin Genç ◽  
Hilal Bardakcı ◽  
Çiğdem Yücel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Combretastatin A4 ◽  
Potential Applications

Combretastatins are a class of closely related stilbenes (combretastatins A), dihydrostilbenes (combretastatins B), phenanthrenes (combretastatins C) and macrocyclic lactones (combretastatins D) found in the bark of Combretum caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze, commonly known as the South African bush willow. Some of the compounds in this series have been shown to be among the most potent antitubulin agents known. Due to their structural simplicity many analogs have also been synthesized. Combretastatin A4 phosphate is the most frequently tested compounds in preclinical and clinical trials. It is a water-soluble prodrug that the body can rapidly metabolize to combretastatin A4, which exhibits anti-tumor properties. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies on combretastatins have determined that these compounds also have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Nano-based formulations of natural or synthetic active agents such as combretastatin A4 phosphate exhibit several clear advantages, including improved low water solubility, prolonged circulation, drug targeting properties, enhanced efficiency, as well as fewer side effects. In this review, a synopsis of the recent literature exploring the combretastatins, their potential effects and nanoformulations as lead compounds in clinical applications is provided.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

1923 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pauline Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Croton Oil ◽  
High Concentrations

1. None of the salts tested produce a marked inflammation in vivo in concentrations under 10 per cent. Potassium salts and the different citrates produced atypical inflammatory reactions in mice, but not in frogs. There was no true inflammation, however, characterized by blood vessel changes, migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes, and fluid exudation. 2. Synergistic action occurs when equal parts of strontium and magnesium salts are employed. There is a change in the appearance of the mesentery without a true inflammation, and this change does not occur with either salt alone. 3. Amino-acids and amines as a class do not produce inflammation, but histamine produces a marked inflammatory reaction in frogs and mice. 4. Tyramine does not cause an inflammatory reaction but has other marked effects; agglutination thrombi occur within the smaller blood vessels, both veins and arteries; in frogs there is a rapid clumping of the white blood cells followed by a true coagulation with strands of fibrin and entanglement of erythrocytes. This is very widespread and often kills the animal within an hour after injection. In mice it is the erythrocytes that clump and coagulation occurs very much later, usually at the end of 24 hours; still later there is complete absorption of the coagulated masses and the mesenteric circulation returns to normal. None of the mice died during the stage of clumping, and the clots never extended up the larger vessels as they did in the frogs. These effects are similar to the phenomena observed in the in vitro work, in which clumping of the cells appeared constantly. 5. Cantharidinum, histamine, and turpentine produced the most rapid and marked inflammation of any substances tried. These substances are all strongly positively chemotactic in vitro. The differences occurring when these substances are used in different species is a quantitative rather than a qualitative one, the body temperature being of some importance. Papain acted only in warmblooded animals; this is consistent with its chemotactic action in vitro. The degree of positive chemotaxis varied markedly with the blood employed and in the in vivo work the inflammation varied with the species of animal used. 6. Certain substances produced inflammation only some time after injection; this is true of scarlet R and croton oil in weak dilutions. These are not strongly positively chemotactic. 7. Parazol produces an inflammation associated with necrosis of the tissues. This is similar to the results obtained in vitro, parazol being positively chemotactic in low concentrations and negative in high concentrations. 8. The exact chemical nature of many of the substances which produce marked inflammation is unknown. This is true of cantharidin, and the active constituents of turpentine and croton oil. 9. All substances which produce marked and rapid inflammation on injection are positively chemotactic, but not all strongly positively chemotactic substances produce inflammation; i.e., calcium compounds, sodium phosphate, etc. 10. Only substances which are positively chemotactic and also soluble in oil seem capable of producing inflammation in animals.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Strouse
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Reaction

1. Phagocytosis of pneumococci in vitro runs parallel with phagocytosis in vivo. 2. Virulence depends not only on resistance to phagocytosis, but also on the ability to grow in the body of the animal. 3. The biological reaction of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection does not differ from that of the mouse. 4. The "immunity" of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection is due to its normal high temperature.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Modeling and Study for Antidiabetic Activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus Leaves Extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4-s) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Tiwari ◽  
C.K Tyagi ◽  
Harish Pandey ◽  
Sunil Kumar Shah
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Successive Extraction ◽  
Praecitrullus Fistulosus

Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of leaves of Praecitrullus fistulosus for the antidiabetic activity have been done in our research work encompassed in depth and systematic screening of plant leaves and further extraction, characterization and bioevaluation. The research was envisaged for antidiabetic activity of different extracts procured by successive extraction methods and to find out or isolate the most possible active compounds from the active extracts showing the best activity. The antidiabetic activity of all extracts has been evaluated by STZ induced diabetes. The isolated compounds have been evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo models. The alcohol soluble extractives values were found to be higher than water soluble extractive value. Alcohol being a moderately non polar solvent, able to extract polar and non-polar components yields higher extractive value. The ethanol extract shows significant enhancement in glucose tolerance in glucose fed hyperglycemic normal rats and produced a marked decrease in blood glucose levels at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight in streptozotocin-diabetic rats after 21 days treatment. Keywords: Praecitrullus fistulosus, Streptozotocin and Glibenclamide, diabetes, Pharmacological Evaluation

scholarly journals Atomically precise silver clusterzymes protect mice from radiation damages

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Guo ◽  
Haiyu Yang ◽  
Ya Liu ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Ruiying Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dna Damages ◽  
Γ Ray

Abstract Background As we know, radiotherapy plays an irreplaceable role in the clinical management on solid tumors. However, due to the non-specific killing effects of ionizing radiation, normal tissues damages would be almost simultaneous inevitably. Therefore, ideal radioprotective agents with high efficiency and low toxicity are always desirable. In this work, atomically precise Ag14 clusterzymes were developed, and their applications in radioprotection were studied in vitro and in vivo for the first time. Methods The ultra-small glutathione supported Ag14 clusterzymes were synthesized by convenient sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction of thiolate-Ag (I) complexes and then they were purified by desalting columns. The enzyme-like activity and antioxidant capacity of Ag14 clusterzymes have been tested by various commercial kits, salicylic acid method and electron spin resonance (ESR). Next, they were incubated with L929 cells to evaluate whether they could increase cell viability after γ-ray irradiation. And then Ag14 clusterzymes were intravenously injected into C57 mice before 7 Gy whole-body γ-ray irradiation to evaluate the radioprotection effects in vivo. At last, the in vivo toxicities of Ag14 clusterzymes were evaluated through biodistribution test, hematological details, serum biochemical indexes and histological test in female Balb/c mice with intravenous injection of Ag14 clusterzymes. Results Our studies suggested atomically precise Ag14 clusterzymes were potential radioprotectants. Ag14 clusterzymes exhibited unique superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, strong anti-oxidative abilities, especially on •OH scavenging. The Ag14 clusterzymes could effectively improve cell viability through eliminating ROS and prevent DNA damages in cells dealt with γ-ray irradiation. In vivo experiments showed that Ag14 clusterzymes could improve the irradiated mice survival rate by protecting hematological systems and repairing tissue oxidative stress damage generated by γ-ray irradiation. In addition, bio-distribution and toxicological experiments demonstrated that the ultrasmall Ag14 clusterzymes could be excreted quickly from the body by renal clearance and negligible toxicological responses were observed in mice up to 30 days. Conclusion In summary, atomically precise, ultrasmall and water soluble Ag14 clusterzymes with SOD-like activity were successfully developed and proved to be effective both in vitro and in vivo for radioprotection. Furthermore, with atomically precise molecular structure, Ag14 clusterzymes, on aspect of the catalytic and optical properties, may be improved by structure optimization on atom-scale level for other applications in disease diagnosis and treatment. Graphical Abstract

The Physiologic Activity and Mechanism of Quercetin-Like Natural Plant Flavonoids

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 654-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wujun Chen ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Yudong Wu ◽  
Xin Shen ◽  
Shutan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Physiologic Activity ◽  
Rate Limiting

The term “vitamin P” is an old but interesting concept. Most substances in this category belong to the family of flavonoids. “Vitamin P” has also been used to define the activity of some flavonoids, including quercetin, myricetin, and rutin. According to experimental studies, the “quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids” are beneficial to the body due to their various physiological and pharmacological activities in large doses (5 μM in vitro, 50 mg/kg in mice and 100 mg/kg in rats). The physiologically achievable concentration is 10 to 100 nM, which is quite high and hard to achieve from a normal diet. Thus, the physiologic activity and mechanism of "vitamin P" are still not clear. It should be noted that the quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids are physiological co-factors of cyclooxygenases (COXs), which are the rate-limiting key enzymes of prostaglandins. These quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids can strongly stimulate prostaglandin levels at lower doses (10 nM in vitro and in 0.1 mg/kg in vivo in rats). Although these "vitamin P" substances are not original substances in the body, their physiological functions affect the body. This review is focused on the most compelling evidence regarding the physiologic role and mechanism of quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids, which may be useful in understanding the physiological functions of "vitamin P", with the goal of focusing on the role of flavonoids in human physiological health.

scholarly journals The content of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids and vitamin C in non-preserved juices, depending on their type and storage time

2021 ◽  
pp. 373-379
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Dehydroascorbic Acid ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
And Storage

Background. Vitamin C is one of the most important water-soluble vitamins. It is responsible for many important functions in the body, including: it has a positive effect on maintaining immunity, protects the body against free radicals, and also participates in the synthesis of hormones. Juices can be a good source of this vitamin. Most of the juices available on the market are processed products. Untreated juices, which do not contain added preservatives, sugar and are not pasteurized, constitute a smaller group on the market. Therefore, this group of juices can be a valuable product in human nutrition. Objective. The aim of the study was t o analyze the content of ascorbic acid (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) and vitamin C (TAA) in non-preserved juices, depending on their type and storage time. Material and methods. The analysis of T AA, AA and DHAA content in juices was carried out in ten types of nonpreserved juices from two companies (A and B), purchased in a chain of retail outlets. The analyzed juices in company A were: sauerkraut and carrot, grapefruit, orange, apple and mandarin, while in company B: orange, apple, apple and quince, grapefruit and mandarin. In test 1, the first ten juices were analyzed, in test 2 - another ten juices after one month, in test 3 - juices from test 2 were used, and three days after opening the package and storing the juices in standard refrigeration conditions, the stability test of AA was analyzed. The AA and TAA contents were determined using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The DHAA content was calculated by subtracting the AA content from the TAA content. Results. The highest TAA content was found in citrus juices, i.e. grapefruit, orange and mandarin, and the lowest in sauerkraut and carrot juices and apple juice. Moreover, ascorbic acid in apple juice was characterized by the lowest durability. Conclusions. In the production of non-preserved apple juice, consideration should be given to the natural protection of ascorbic acid by the addition of citrus or other fruit juice, vegetable juice or by using a mild technology in the production process.

scholarly journals Binding in vitro to rat liver receptors does not correlate with activities in vivo of bovine somatotropin. Use of chemically modified derivatives as probes

1984 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
L P Roguin ◽  
J M Delfino ◽  
N Vita ◽  
A C Paladini
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Carboxylate Groups

Bovine somatotropin with an increasing number of its carboxylate groups modified by reaction with glycine methyl ester in the presence of a water-soluble carbodi-imide was tested for its activity in different bioassays. Only those derivatives which were known to be active in the body-weight-increase bioassay were able to compete with 125I-labelled bovine somatotropin for their specific binding sites in vivo. No difference was found in the rate of clearance of a poorly active derivative as compared with that of native somatotropin. In contrast, both active and inactive derivatives were found to be equally effective in displacing the tracer from its binding sites present in isolated cells and membrane preparations from rat liver. These results suggest that the liver somatogenic receptors studied in vitro are less discriminating than those detected in vivo.

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