scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Strouse
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Reaction

1. Phagocytosis of pneumococci in vitro runs parallel with phagocytosis in vivo. 2. Virulence depends not only on resistance to phagocytosis, but also on the ability to grow in the body of the animal. 3. The biological reaction of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection does not differ from that of the mouse. 4. The "immunity" of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection is due to its normal high temperature.

scholarly journals THE RESISTANCE TO A SPECIFIC HEMOLYSIN OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Rous
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Reaction ◽  
Health And Disease

1. Phagocytosis of pneumococci in vitro runs parallel with phagocytosis in vivo. 2. Virulence depends not only on resistance to phagocytosis, but also on the ability to grow in the body of the animal. 3. The biological reaction of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection does not differ from that of the mouse. 4. The "immunity" of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection is due to its normal high temperature.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

1923 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pauline Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Croton Oil ◽  
High Concentrations

1. None of the salts tested produce a marked inflammation in vivo in concentrations under 10 per cent. Potassium salts and the different citrates produced atypical inflammatory reactions in mice, but not in frogs. There was no true inflammation, however, characterized by blood vessel changes, migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes, and fluid exudation. 2. Synergistic action occurs when equal parts of strontium and magnesium salts are employed. There is a change in the appearance of the mesentery without a true inflammation, and this change does not occur with either salt alone. 3. Amino-acids and amines as a class do not produce inflammation, but histamine produces a marked inflammatory reaction in frogs and mice. 4. Tyramine does not cause an inflammatory reaction but has other marked effects; agglutination thrombi occur within the smaller blood vessels, both veins and arteries; in frogs there is a rapid clumping of the white blood cells followed by a true coagulation with strands of fibrin and entanglement of erythrocytes. This is very widespread and often kills the animal within an hour after injection. In mice it is the erythrocytes that clump and coagulation occurs very much later, usually at the end of 24 hours; still later there is complete absorption of the coagulated masses and the mesenteric circulation returns to normal. None of the mice died during the stage of clumping, and the clots never extended up the larger vessels as they did in the frogs. These effects are similar to the phenomena observed in the in vitro work, in which clumping of the cells appeared constantly. 5. Cantharidinum, histamine, and turpentine produced the most rapid and marked inflammation of any substances tried. These substances are all strongly positively chemotactic in vitro. The differences occurring when these substances are used in different species is a quantitative rather than a qualitative one, the body temperature being of some importance. Papain acted only in warmblooded animals; this is consistent with its chemotactic action in vitro. The degree of positive chemotaxis varied markedly with the blood employed and in the in vivo work the inflammation varied with the species of animal used. 6. Certain substances produced inflammation only some time after injection; this is true of scarlet R and croton oil in weak dilutions. These are not strongly positively chemotactic. 7. Parazol produces an inflammation associated with necrosis of the tissues. This is similar to the results obtained in vitro, parazol being positively chemotactic in low concentrations and negative in high concentrations. 8. The exact chemical nature of many of the substances which produce marked inflammation is unknown. This is true of cantharidin, and the active constituents of turpentine and croton oil. 9. All substances which produce marked and rapid inflammation on injection are positively chemotactic, but not all strongly positively chemotactic substances produce inflammation; i.e., calcium compounds, sodium phosphate, etc. 10. Only substances which are positively chemotactic and also soluble in oil seem capable of producing inflammation in animals.

The Physiologic Activity and Mechanism of Quercetin-Like Natural Plant Flavonoids

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 654-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wujun Chen ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Yudong Wu ◽  
Xin Shen ◽  
Shutan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Physiologic Activity ◽  
Rate Limiting

The term “vitamin P” is an old but interesting concept. Most substances in this category belong to the family of flavonoids. “Vitamin P” has also been used to define the activity of some flavonoids, including quercetin, myricetin, and rutin. According to experimental studies, the “quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids” are beneficial to the body due to their various physiological and pharmacological activities in large doses (5 μM in vitro, 50 mg/kg in mice and 100 mg/kg in rats). The physiologically achievable concentration is 10 to 100 nM, which is quite high and hard to achieve from a normal diet. Thus, the physiologic activity and mechanism of "vitamin P" are still not clear. It should be noted that the quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids are physiological co-factors of cyclooxygenases (COXs), which are the rate-limiting key enzymes of prostaglandins. These quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids can strongly stimulate prostaglandin levels at lower doses (10 nM in vitro and in 0.1 mg/kg in vivo in rats). Although these "vitamin P" substances are not original substances in the body, their physiological functions affect the body. This review is focused on the most compelling evidence regarding the physiologic role and mechanism of quercetin-like natural plant flavonoids, which may be useful in understanding the physiological functions of "vitamin P", with the goal of focusing on the role of flavonoids in human physiological health.

Vitamin C Loaded Chemically Modified Nano Carrier for Human Health Care Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monalisha Sengupta ◽  
Md. Adil Shaharyar ◽  
Mahfoozur Rahman ◽  
Kumar Anand ◽  
Anindita Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
And Storage

Background: “Health is wealth” and to maintain it 7 essential nutrients are required. Among these, Vitamin is one that has great importance in very low concentration. As per the solubility, it divides into water-soluble and water-insoluble vitamins. This study concentrates on Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin which is essential for human growth due to its activity in the synthesis of carnitine, collagen, and neurotransmitter. It possesses antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and immunomodulatory functions, which may lead to the activity of Vitamin C in many diseases. But humans and some other non-human primates are unable to produce Vitamin C from glucose due to the absence of enzyme gulonolactone oxidase. As a result, humans are dependent on various dietary sources of Vc especially citrus fruit. But these dietary supplies also fail to achieve the required level in the body due to its poor bioavailability and storage. Method: Vitamin C has already proven its activity in cancer therapy. It is also used as a prodrug of H2O2. But due to the poor bioavailability and storage of Vitamin C in the human body, mankind is unable to avail the benefits of Vitamin C. These problems lead to generating different and suitable nanoformulations to incorporate Vitamin C and its derivatives into it. Different research work shows several ways to develop nanoformulations. Amongst all liposomes, microsphere, nanocarriers are of great importance. For Vitamin C incorporation into the nanoformulation, nanocarriers become the most popular choice for researchers. There were several nanocarrier systems developed using Chitosan- Alginate, Silica-Coated-Au Nanoparticles, Chitosan, Mesoporous-silica NCs for suitable incorporation of Vitamin C into these. The performances were assured by performing different in vitro and in vivo tests which will be discussed here. Result: As a result, Vitamin C is now in use for many purposes. It includes not only the above mentioned functions but also other functions too. Due to an antioxidant property, Vitamin C is able to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting ROS-mediated Nitric Oxide (NO) inactivation. Vitamin C helps to elevate the level of absorption of iron within the cell from dietary iron sources. It also prevents the oxidation of drugs. To achieve all these functions, NCs or nanoformulation plays a great role. Conclusion: It can be concluded that depending on the biocompatibility, loading capacity, protection of the loading molecule, efficiency of cellular uptake, controllable rate of release to achieve the desired effect, and many more factors, the choice of different Nanocarriers (NCs) will be done which ultimately help the human to use it for different purposes. This paper tries to gather some information in one place with respect to different experimental studies.

scholarly journals JUSTIFICATION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF DISEASES AND PROCESSES OF MICROBIAL AND NEOPLASTIC NATURE IN CLINICAL GYNECOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
M. T Aleksandrov ◽  
Vladimir M. Zuev ◽  
Yu. I Pimancheva ◽  
E. P Pashkov ◽  
G. E Bagramova
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽  
Neoplastic Processes ◽  
Medical Diagnostic

There were executed experimental studies on test subjects of microbial (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and neoplastic nature (in vitro - suspension of cells of the line of chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 in a volume of 60 μl and in an amount of 60 ± 1 × 103, in vivo - mice infected with Ehrlich carcinoma) on the substantiation the use of chlorophyll-containing drugs activated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) outside the biological object. No additional PDT activation of the drug was performed.The high bactericidal (on the test objects of microbes) and anti-tumor PDT efficacy of chlorophyll-containing preparations activated outside the organism was substantiated, with their subsequent administration per os and accumulation in practically all organs and tissues of the body was validated. The developed medical diagnostic technology in its clinical application has proved its effectiveness in women with inflammatory and/or neoplastic processes of the pelvic organs. The used equipment and preparation are approved for clinical use.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Action and Mechanisms of Resveratrol

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Tiantian Meng ◽  
Dingfu Xiao ◽  
Arowolo Muhammed ◽  
Juying Deng ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Action

Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihy- droxystilbene), a natural phytoalexin polyphenol, exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. This phytoalexin is well-absorbed and rapidly and extensively metabolized in the body. Inflammation is an adaptive response, which could be triggered by various danger signals, such as invasion by microorganisms or tissue injury. In this review, the anti-inflammatory activity and the mechanism of resveratrol modulates the inflammatory response are examined. Multiple experimental studies that illustrate regulatory mechanisms and the immunomodulatory function of resveratrol both in vivo and in vitro. The data acquired from those studies are discussed.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

Репрограммированые in vitro на М3 фенотип макрофаги останавливают рост солидной карциномы in vivo

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
А.А. Раецкая ◽  
С.В. Калиш ◽  
С.В. Лямина ◽  
Е.В. Малышева ◽  
О.П. Буданова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Antitumor Effect ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽  
Solid Carcinoma ◽  
Ec Cells

Цель исследования. Доказательство гипотезы, что репрограммированные in vitro на М3 фенотип макрофаги при введении в организм будут существенно ограничивать развитие солидной карциномы in vivo . Методика. Рост солидной опухоли инициировали у мышей in vivo путем подкожной инъекции клеток карциномы Эрлиха (КЭ). Инъекцию макрофагов с нативным М0 фенотипом и с репрограммированным M3 фенотипом проводили в область формирования солидной КЭ. Репрограммирование проводили с помощью низких доз сыворотки, блокаторов факторов транскрипции STAT3/6 и SMAD3 и липополисахарида. Использовали две схемы введения макрофагов: раннее и позднее. При раннем введении макрофаги вводили на 1-е, 5-е, 10-е и 15-е сут. после инъекции клеток КЭ путем обкалывания макрофагами с четырех сторон область развития опухоли. При позднем введении, макрофаги вводили на 10-е, 15-е, 20-е и 25-е сут. Через 15 и 30 сут. после введения клеток КЭ солидную опухоль иссекали и измеряли ее объем. Эффект введения макрофагов оценивали качественно по визуальной и пальпаторной характеристикам солидной опухоли и количественно по изменению ее объема по сравнению с группой без введения макрофагов (контроль). Результаты. Установлено, что M3 макрофаги при раннем введении от начала развития опухоли оказывают выраженный антиопухолевый эффект in vivo , который был существенно более выражен, чем при позднем введении макрофагов. Заключение. Установлено, что введение репрограммированных макрофагов M3 ограничивает развитие солидной карциномы в экспериментах in vivo . Противоопухолевый эффект более выражен при раннем введении М3 макрофагов. Обнаруженные в работе факты делают перспективным разработку клинической версии биотехнологии ограничения роста опухоли, путем предварительного программирования антиопухолевого врожденного иммунного ответа «в пробирке». Aim. To verify a hypothesis that macrophages reprogrammed in vitro to the M3 phenotype and injected into the body substantially restrict the development of solid carcinoma in vivo . Methods. Growth of a solid tumor was initiated in mice in vivo with a subcutaneous injection of Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) cells. Macrophages with a native M0 phenotype or reprogrammed towards the M3 phenotype were injected into the region of developing solid EC. Reprogramming was performed using low doses of serum, STAT3/6 and SMAD3 transcription factor blockers, and lipopolysaccharide. Two schemes of macrophage administration were used: early and late. With the early administration, macrophages were injected on days 1, 5, 10, and 15 following the injection of EC cells at four sides of the tumor development area. With the late administration, macrophages were injected on days 10, 15, 20, and 25. At 15 and 30 days after the EC cell injection, the solid tumor was excised and its volume was measured. The effect of macrophage administration was assessed both qualitatively by visual and palpation characteristics of solid tumor and quantitatively by changes in the tumor volume compared with the group without the macrophage treatment. Results. M3 macrophages administered early after the onset of tumor development exerted a pronounced antitumor effect in vivo , which was significantly greater than the antitumor effect of the late administration of M3 macrophages. Conclusion. The observed significant inhibition of in vivo growth of solid carcinoma by M3 macrophages makes promising the development of a clinical version of the biotechnology for restriction of tumor growth by in vitro pre-programming of the antitumor, innate immune response.

Nanocurcumin: A Double-Edged Sword for Microcancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (45) ◽  
pp. 5783-5792
Author(s):  
Kholood Abid Janjua ◽  
Adeeb Shehzad ◽  
Raheem Shahzad ◽  
Salman Ul Islam ◽  
Mazhar Ul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Anticancer Effects

There is compelling evidence that drug molecules isolated from natural sources are hindered by low systemic bioavailability, poor absorption, and rapid elimination from the human body. Novel approaches are urgently needed that could enhance the retention time as well as the efficacy of natural products in the body. Among the various adopted approaches to meet this ever-increasing demand, nanoformulations show the most fascinating way of improving the bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals through modifying their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Curcumin, a yellowish pigment isolated from dried ground rhizomes of turmeric, exhibits tremendous pharmacological effects, including anticancer activities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that curcumin mediates anticancer effects through the modulation (upregulation and/or downregulations) of several intracellular signaling pathways both at protein and mRNA levels. Scientists have introduced multiple modern techniques and novel dosage forms for enhancing the delivery, bioavailability, and efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of various malignancies. These novel dosage forms include nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, phospholipids, and curcumin-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles. Nanocurcumin has shown improved anticancer effects compared to conventional curcumin formulations. This review discusses the underlying molecular mechanism of various nanoformulations of curcumin for the treatment of different cancers. We hope that this study will make a road map for preclinical and clinical investigations of cancer and recommend nano curcumin as a drug of choice for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract and Fractions: Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Enzymes (α-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Tyrosinase) Inhibitory, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Zhenxing Wang ◽  
Zongcai Tu ◽  
Xing Xie ◽  
Hao Cui ◽  
Kin Weng Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Inhibitory Ability

This study aims to evaluate the bioactive components, in vitro bioactivities, and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of P. frutescens leaf, which is a traditional medicine-food homology plant. P. frutescens methanol crude extract and its fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions, and aqueous phase residue) were prepared by ultrasound-enzyme assisted extraction and liquid–liquid extraction. Among the samples, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the high total phenolic (440.48 μg GAE/mg DE) and flavonoid content (455.22 μg RE/mg DE), the best antioxidant activity (the DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 1.71, 1.14, 2.40, 1.29, and 2.4 times higher than that of control Vc, respectively), the most powerful α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with the IC50 value of 190.03 μg/mL which was 2.2-folds higher than control acarbose, the strongest proliferative inhibitory ability against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell with the IC50 values of 37.92 and 13.43 μg/mL, which were considerable with control cisplatin, as well as certain inhibition abilities on acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. HPLC analysis showed that the luteolin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and catechin were the dominant components of the ethyl acetate fraction. Animal experiments further demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction could significantly decrease the serum glucose level, food, and water intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats, increase the body weight, modulate their serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, improve the histopathology and glycogen accumulation in liver and intestinal tissue. Taken together, P. frutescens leaf exhibits excellent hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a source of natural antidiabetic agent.

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