scholarly journals Stomatal responses to environmental variation among Duranta erecta L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 3481
Author(s):  
Sneha Sahay ◽  
Jyoti Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Stomatal Responses ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Different Levels

Stomata are pores found in the epidermis of leaf that allow for consequently water loss through transpiration, pores are bound by specialized cells, called guard cells. Abnormalities present in the stomata such as contiguous stomata, twin stomata are of great importance to the global-water cycle and plant’s ability to respond to environmental variation. Elevation of atmospheric carbon di-oxide concentration often results in lower stomatal density. Inspection of the distribution of stomata in leaves growing in environment with different levels of available water gives clues for the role of stomata in plant adaptation. The plant environment is continuously changing, and stomatal apertures are perceived by the guard cells. They adapt to local and global changes on all timescales from minute to millennia.

The role of ancestral groundwater techniques as nature based solutions for managing water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
The People ◽  
Natural Wetlands ◽  
Territory Management

<p>To achieve water sustainability and a more efficient use of water we should base on the ancestral water and territory management knowledge and grained in the culture of the people, <br>This article is inspired in Nature Based Solutions (NBS) for managing water availability, particularly groundwater and aquifer-related NBS that hold major un-realized potential for alleviating adverse impacts of progressive climate change, namely to increase water security/drought resilience. In some cases, more ecosystem-friendly forms of water storage, such as natural wetlands, improvements in soil moisture and more efficient recharge of groundwater, could be more sustain-able and cost-effective than traditional grey infrastructure such as dams<br>The core of this article is centered in the pre-Inca and Inca civilizations and how these communities have developed ingenious NBS solutions to adapt to extreme climate scenarios such as prolonged droughts, managing water resources in a holistic way and how they understand clearly the global water cycle in all the components specially groundwater.<br>The article is divided in three interlinked parts: 1) to sow water, by implementing ancestral aquifer recharge solutions, 2) to retain water by improve hydraulic efficiency in terms of infiltration and drainage and 3) to collect water by improve the performance of extraction in the subterranean aqueducts in arid regions.</p>

scholarly journals HESS Opinions "Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function"

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2629-2645 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Michaelian
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Function ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
Biological Catalysis ◽  
Wind Currents ◽  
Water Transpiration

Abstract. Darwinian theory depicts life as being overwhelmingly consumed by a fight for survival in a hostile environment. However, from a thermodynamic perspective, life is a dynamic, out of equilibrium process, stabilizing and coevolving in concert with its abiotic environment. The living components of the biosphere on the Earth's surface of greatest biomass, the plants and cyanobacteria, are involved in the transpiration of a vast amount of water. Transpiration is part of the global water cycle, and it is this cycle that distinguishes Earth from its apparently life-barren neighboring planets, Venus and Mars. The dissipation of sunlight into heat by organic molecules in the biosphere, and its coupling to the water cycle (as well as other abiotic processes), is by far the greatest entropy-producing process occurring on Earth. Life, from this perspective, can be viewed as performing an important thermodynamic function, acting as a dynamic catalyst by aiding irreversible abiotic processes such as the water cycle, hurricanes, and ocean and wind currents to produce entropy. The role of animals in this view is that of unwitting but dedicated servants of the plants and cyanobacteria, helping them to grow, and to spread into initially inhospitable areas.

scholarly journals Partitioning of Rainfall and Sprinkler-Irrigation by Crop Canopies: A Global Review and Evaluation of Available Research

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Meimei Lin ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi ◽  
John T. Van Stan
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The role of crop canopies in the global water cycle is a topic of increasing international interest. How much rain and sprinkler-irrigation water are returned to the atmosphere or reach the soils beneath crop canopies, and the pathways of those water inputs at the soil, are linked to agricultural productivity and sustainability. This concise-format review synthesized and evaluated the available, limited, observational data (138 studies) on cropland throughfall, stemflow, and/or interception for >60 crop species covering all major climate types to obtain a global analysis of rainfall and sprinkler-irrigation partitioning by crop canopies. Partitions normalized per unit rain/sprinkler-irrigation (relative fractions, %) vary greatly across crop types with the interquartile range of throughfall, stemflow, and interception being 58–83%, 2–26%, and 11–32%, respectively. Stemflow data distribution across crop types is more often different than for throughfall and interception, contributing to overall variations in the partitioning of rain and irrigation observed to date. Partitions per storm also differ depending on the magnitude of rain or sprinkler-irrigation events and the stage of crop growth. Furthermore, throughfall and stemflow input patterns at the soil surface and subsurface may erode soils through different physical processes (i.e., throughfall droplet impact/splash versus scouring by stemflow); however, more research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and overall impacts. Finally, comparative analyses of partitions among croplands, shrublands, and forests indicate that crop canopies partition rain inputs differently and that there is a lack of studies in croplands. Hence, we suggest that future effort should be directed to the partitioning of rainfall and sprinkler-irrigation by canopies in agricultural settings.

scholarly journals Imprint of the Pacific Walker Circulation in global precipitation δ18O

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-55
Author(s):  
Georgina Falster ◽  
Bronwen Konecky ◽  
Midhun Madhavan ◽  
Samantha Stevenson ◽  
Sloan Coats
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Walker Circulation ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Global Water

AbstractCharacterising variability in the global water cycle is fundamental to predicting impacts of future climate change; understanding the role of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) in the regional expression of global water cycle changes is critical to understanding this variability. Water isotopes are ideal tracers of the role of the PWC in global water cycling, because they retain information about circulation-dependent processes including moisture source, transport, and delivery. We collated publicly-available measurements of precipitation δ18O (δ18OP), and used novel data processing techniques to synthesise long (34-year), globally-distributed composite records from temporally discontinuous δ18OP measurements. We investigated relationships between global-scale δ18OP variability and PWC strength, as well as other possible drivers of global δ18OP variability—including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global mean temperature—and used isotope-enabled climate model simulations to assess potential biases arising from uneven geographical distribution of the observations or our data processing methodology. Co-variability underlying the δ18OP composites is more strongly correlated with the PWC (r = 0.74) than any other index of climate variability tested. We propose that the PWC imprint in global δ18OP arises from multiple complementary processes, including PWC-related changes in moisture source and transport length, and a PWC- or ENSO-driven ‘amount effect’ in tropical regions. The clear PWC imprint in global δ18OP implies a strong PWC influence on the regional expression of global water cycle variability on interannual to decadal timescales, and hence that uncertainty in the future state of the PWC translates to uncertainties in future changes in the global water cycle.

scholarly journals Imprint of the Pacific Walker Circulation in global precipitation δ18O

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Falster ◽  
Bronwen Konecky ◽  
Midhun Madhavan ◽  
Samantha Stevenson ◽  
Sloan Coats
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Walker Circulation ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Global Water ◽  
Precipitation Δ18o

Characterising variability in the global water cycle is fundamental to predicting impacts of future climate change; understanding the role of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) in the regional expression of global water cycle changes is critical to understanding this variability. Water isotopes are ideal tracers of the role of the PWC in global water cycling, because they retain information about circulation-dependent processes including moisture source, transport, and delivery. We collated publicly-available measurements of precipitation δ18O (δ18OP), and used novel data processing techniques to synthesise long (34-year), globally-distributed composite records from temporally discontinuous δ18OP measurements. We investigated relationships between global-scale δ18OP variability and PWC strength, as well as other possible drivers of global δ18OP variability—including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global mean temperature—and used isotope-enabled climate model simulations to assess potential biases arising from uneven geographical distribution of the observations or our data processing methodology. Co-variability underlying the δ18OP composites is more strongly correlated with the PWC (r = 0.74) than any other index of climate variability tested. We propose that the PWC imprint in global δ18OP arises from multiple complementary processes, including PWC-related changes in moisture source and transport length, and a PWC- or ENSO-driven ‘amount effect’ in tropical regions. The clear PWC imprint in global δ18OP implies a strong PWC influence on the regional expression of global water cycle variability on interannual to decadal timescales, and hence that uncertainty in the future state of the PWC translates to uncertainties in future changes in the global water cycle.

scholarly journals The role of Tibetan Plateau lakes in surface water cycle under global changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-608
Author(s):  
ZHU Liping ◽  
◽  
PENG Ping ◽  
ZHANG Guoqing ◽  
QIAO Baojin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Global Changes

scholarly journals Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1093-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Michaelian
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Function ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
Biological Catalysis ◽  
Wind Currents ◽  
Water Transpiration

Abstract. Darwinian theory depicts life as being overwhelmingly consumed by a fight for survival in a hostile environment. However, from a thermodynamic perspective, life is a dynamic out of equilibrium process, stabilizing and coevolving in concert with its abiotic environment. The living component of the biosphere on the surface of the Earth of greatest biomass, the plants and cyanobacteria, are involved in the transpiration of a vast amount of water. Transpiration is part of the global water cycle, and it is this cycle that distinguishes Earth from its apparently life barren neighboring planets, Venus and Mars. The dissipation of sunlight into heat by organic molecules in the biosphere and its coupling to the water cycle (as well as other abiotic processes), is by far the greatest entropy producing process occurring on Earth. Life, from this perspective, can be viewed as performing an important thermodynamic function; acting as a dynamic catalyst by aiding irreversible abiotic process such as the water cycle, hurricanes, and ocean and wind currents to produce entropy. The role of animals in this view is that of unwitting but dedicated servants of the plants and cyanobacteria, helping them to grow and to spread into initially inhospitable areas.

scholarly journals Soil texture and environmental conditions influence the biogeochemical responses of soils to drought and flooding

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaizad F. Patel ◽  
Sarah J. Fansler ◽  
Tayte P. Campbell ◽  
Ben Bond-Lamberty ◽  
A. Peyton Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Soil Response ◽  
Drought And Flood ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Chemical Response

AbstractClimate change is intensifying the global water cycle, with increased frequency of drought and flood. Water is an important driver of soil carbon dynamics, and it is crucial to understand how moisture disturbances will affect carbon availability and fluxes in soils. Here we investigate the role of water in substrate-microbe connectivity and soil carbon cycling under extreme moisture conditions. We collected soils from Alaska, Florida, and Washington USA, and incubated them under Drought and Flood conditions. Drought had a stronger effect on soil respiration, pore-water carbon, and microbial community composition than flooding. Soil response was not consistent across sites, and was influenced by site-level pedological and environmental factors. Soil texture and porosity can influence microbial access to substrates through the pore network, driving the chemical response. Further, the microbial communities are adapted to the historic stress conditions at their sites and therefore show site-specific responses to drought and flood.

scholarly journals Global water cycle and the coevolution of the Earth’s interior and surface environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2094) ◽  
pp. 20150393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Korenaga ◽  
Noah J. Planavsky ◽  
David A. D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Global Water

The bulk Earth composition contains probably less than 0.3% of water, but this trace amount of water can affect the long-term evolution of the Earth in a number of different ways. The foremost issue is the occurrence of plate tectonics, which governs almost all aspects of the Earth system, and the presence of water could either promote or hinder the operation of plate tectonics, depending on where water resides. The global water cycle, which circulates surface water into the deep mantle and back to the surface again, could thus have played a critical role in the Earth’s history. In this contribution, we first review the present-day water cycle and discuss its uncertainty as well as its secular variation. If the continental freeboard has been roughly constant since the Early Proterozoic, model results suggest long-term net water influx from the surface to the mantle, which is estimated to be 3−4.5×10 14  g yr −1 on the billion years time scale. We survey geological and geochemical observations relevant to the emergence of continents above the sea level as well as the nature of Precambrian plate tectonics. The global water cycle is suggested to have been dominated by regassing, and its implications for geochemical cycles and atmospheric evolution are also discussed. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The origin, history and role of water in the evolution of the inner Solar System’.

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