The role of ancestral groundwater techniques as nature based solutions for managing water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
The People ◽  
Natural Wetlands ◽  
Territory Management

<p>To achieve water sustainability and a more efficient use of water we should base on the ancestral water and territory management knowledge and grained in the culture of the people, <br>This article is inspired in Nature Based Solutions (NBS) for managing water availability, particularly groundwater and aquifer-related NBS that hold major un-realized potential for alleviating adverse impacts of progressive climate change, namely to increase water security/drought resilience. In some cases, more ecosystem-friendly forms of water storage, such as natural wetlands, improvements in soil moisture and more efficient recharge of groundwater, could be more sustain-able and cost-effective than traditional grey infrastructure such as dams<br>The core of this article is centered in the pre-Inca and Inca civilizations and how these communities have developed ingenious NBS solutions to adapt to extreme climate scenarios such as prolonged droughts, managing water resources in a holistic way and how they understand clearly the global water cycle in all the components specially groundwater.<br>The article is divided in three interlinked parts: 1) to sow water, by implementing ancestral aquifer recharge solutions, 2) to retain water by improve hydraulic efficiency in terms of infiltration and drainage and 3) to collect water by improve the performance of extraction in the subterranean aqueducts in arid regions.</p>

Fundamentals of Electrostatic Spraying

2015 ◽  
pp. 461-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Patel ◽  
Chirravoori Ghanshyam
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electrostatic Spraying ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
The People ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Engineering Practices ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
Uniform Deposition

The desired attributes of electrostatic spraying are uniform deposition onto both directly exposed or obscured crop surfaces which minimize the off-target losses of active ingredients to soil, water, atmosphere and provide more effective and economical pest control. This chapter presents an overview of electrostatic spraying technologies in the field of agriculture emphasizing the key role of advanced electrostatic instrumentation and chronicles the scientific innovations in the parlance of providing cost effective and reliable commercial systems along with an insight on the needs of future research perspectives and directives. It is aimed primarily at a familiarization with spraying concepts and engineering practices. This text is to bridge the knowledge and experience gap among researchers and technology developers and the people involved in electrostatic processes applied to agriculture and food processing. It will also introduce the engineering aspects of design and development of an electrostatic spraying nozzle for agricultural applications.

Fundamentals of Electrostatic Spraying

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-107
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Patel ◽  
Chirravoori Ghanshyam
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electrostatic Spraying ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
The People ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Engineering Practices ◽  
Agriculture And Food ◽  
Uniform Deposition

The desired attributes of electrostatic spraying are uniform deposition onto both directly exposed or obscured crop surfaces which minimize the off-target losses of active ingredients to soil, water, atmosphere and provide more effective and economical pest control. This chapter presents an overview of electrostatic spraying technologies in the field of agriculture emphasizing the key role of advanced electrostatic instrumentation and chronicles the scientific innovations in the parlance of providing cost effective and reliable commercial systems along with an insight on the needs of future research perspectives and directives. It is aimed primarily at a familiarization with spraying concepts and engineering practices. This text is to bridge the knowledge and experience gap among researchers and technology developers and the people involved in electrostatic processes applied to agriculture and food processing. It will also introduce the engineering aspects of design and development of an electrostatic spraying nozzle for agricultural applications.

M-education in India: an effort to improve educational outcomes with a special emphasis on Ananya Bihar

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Misra ◽  
Shalini Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Mobile Healthcare ◽  
Bottom Of Pyramid ◽  
The People

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to undermine the role of cellular technology, government and the funding agency to deliver reliable and cost-effective health services for the people living in the bottom of pyramid and remote areas of the country where quality healthcare facilities are not available. The people living in rural Bihar (India) have a limited education and are reluctant to visit the female healthcare centers. The Ananya Bihar project has employed volunteers from the same community and aid from the foundation and government to improve the maternity and neo-natal healthcare initially in eight districts of the state. Design/methodology/approach The study reviewed various m-health projects and m-education projects with a detailing of the Anaya Bihar Project initiated by Melinda Gates foundation and Government of Bihar, India. The study uncovers technical, operational aspects and methodology followed by Ananya. It has detailed the best practices followed by the project. The study also features the capability of mobile as a tool to reach the masses in most cost effective way. Findings The use of mobile application with the association from the social worker has been tremendously successful in maternity and child healthcare in the state of Bihar, India. The application includes educating the user’s about the healthcare, training for midwives, alerts related to vaccination and thereby reducing the mortality rate and improving the maternal healthcare for the people from the bottom of pyramid. The project has created awareness among the rural families and has improved the maternity healthcare in the eight districts of Bihar, India. They were also planning to expand the project in other states of India. Research limitations/implications The study is exploratory in nature and has not involved primary data collection and statistical analysis. The study has compiled the data and information available. Practical implications The present study may be used as a reference to the organization working on mobile healthcare projects to understand the best practices of m-health project. The study also explains the role of various stakeholders (as Ananya-Bihar was a collaborative effort of Social trust, Technical experts, Network service provider, Community, State Government and the People) in the success of the project. Social implications The study explains the role of technology for the benefit of people. In the present case mobile healthcare initiated by the foundation has been very effective in dealing with maternity healthcare in rural Bihar, where people cannot afford expensive healthcare facility. The only silver lining is increasing tele-density at the most affordable rate in the globe, with funding from NGOs and full support from government. Such types of m-healthcare projects will support the government in delivering quality healthcare to the people who are living below poverty line and deprived of basic healthcare facilities. Originality/value The study details the methodology and technical details of Ananya Mobile health care platform.

scholarly journals HESS Opinions "Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function"

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2629-2645 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Michaelian
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Function ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
Biological Catalysis ◽  
Wind Currents ◽  
Water Transpiration

Abstract. Darwinian theory depicts life as being overwhelmingly consumed by a fight for survival in a hostile environment. However, from a thermodynamic perspective, life is a dynamic, out of equilibrium process, stabilizing and coevolving in concert with its abiotic environment. The living components of the biosphere on the Earth's surface of greatest biomass, the plants and cyanobacteria, are involved in the transpiration of a vast amount of water. Transpiration is part of the global water cycle, and it is this cycle that distinguishes Earth from its apparently life-barren neighboring planets, Venus and Mars. The dissipation of sunlight into heat by organic molecules in the biosphere, and its coupling to the water cycle (as well as other abiotic processes), is by far the greatest entropy-producing process occurring on Earth. Life, from this perspective, can be viewed as performing an important thermodynamic function, acting as a dynamic catalyst by aiding irreversible abiotic processes such as the water cycle, hurricanes, and ocean and wind currents to produce entropy. The role of animals in this view is that of unwitting but dedicated servants of the plants and cyanobacteria, helping them to grow, and to spread into initially inhospitable areas.

scholarly journals Partitioning of Rainfall and Sprinkler-Irrigation by Crop Canopies: A Global Review and Evaluation of Available Research

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Meimei Lin ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi ◽  
John T. Van Stan
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The role of crop canopies in the global water cycle is a topic of increasing international interest. How much rain and sprinkler-irrigation water are returned to the atmosphere or reach the soils beneath crop canopies, and the pathways of those water inputs at the soil, are linked to agricultural productivity and sustainability. This concise-format review synthesized and evaluated the available, limited, observational data (138 studies) on cropland throughfall, stemflow, and/or interception for >60 crop species covering all major climate types to obtain a global analysis of rainfall and sprinkler-irrigation partitioning by crop canopies. Partitions normalized per unit rain/sprinkler-irrigation (relative fractions, %) vary greatly across crop types with the interquartile range of throughfall, stemflow, and interception being 58–83%, 2–26%, and 11–32%, respectively. Stemflow data distribution across crop types is more often different than for throughfall and interception, contributing to overall variations in the partitioning of rain and irrigation observed to date. Partitions per storm also differ depending on the magnitude of rain or sprinkler-irrigation events and the stage of crop growth. Furthermore, throughfall and stemflow input patterns at the soil surface and subsurface may erode soils through different physical processes (i.e., throughfall droplet impact/splash versus scouring by stemflow); however, more research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and overall impacts. Finally, comparative analyses of partitions among croplands, shrublands, and forests indicate that crop canopies partition rain inputs differently and that there is a lack of studies in croplands. Hence, we suggest that future effort should be directed to the partitioning of rainfall and sprinkler-irrigation by canopies in agricultural settings.

scholarly journals Imprint of the Pacific Walker Circulation in global precipitation δ18O

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-55
Author(s):  
Georgina Falster ◽  
Bronwen Konecky ◽  
Midhun Madhavan ◽  
Samantha Stevenson ◽  
Sloan Coats
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Walker Circulation ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Global Water

AbstractCharacterising variability in the global water cycle is fundamental to predicting impacts of future climate change; understanding the role of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) in the regional expression of global water cycle changes is critical to understanding this variability. Water isotopes are ideal tracers of the role of the PWC in global water cycling, because they retain information about circulation-dependent processes including moisture source, transport, and delivery. We collated publicly-available measurements of precipitation δ18O (δ18OP), and used novel data processing techniques to synthesise long (34-year), globally-distributed composite records from temporally discontinuous δ18OP measurements. We investigated relationships between global-scale δ18OP variability and PWC strength, as well as other possible drivers of global δ18OP variability—including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global mean temperature—and used isotope-enabled climate model simulations to assess potential biases arising from uneven geographical distribution of the observations or our data processing methodology. Co-variability underlying the δ18OP composites is more strongly correlated with the PWC (r = 0.74) than any other index of climate variability tested. We propose that the PWC imprint in global δ18OP arises from multiple complementary processes, including PWC-related changes in moisture source and transport length, and a PWC- or ENSO-driven ‘amount effect’ in tropical regions. The clear PWC imprint in global δ18OP implies a strong PWC influence on the regional expression of global water cycle variability on interannual to decadal timescales, and hence that uncertainty in the future state of the PWC translates to uncertainties in future changes in the global water cycle.

scholarly journals Imprint of the Pacific Walker Circulation in global precipitation δ18O

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Falster ◽  
Bronwen Konecky ◽  
Midhun Madhavan ◽  
Samantha Stevenson ◽  
Sloan Coats
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Walker Circulation ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Global Water ◽  
Precipitation Δ18o

Characterising variability in the global water cycle is fundamental to predicting impacts of future climate change; understanding the role of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) in the regional expression of global water cycle changes is critical to understanding this variability. Water isotopes are ideal tracers of the role of the PWC in global water cycling, because they retain information about circulation-dependent processes including moisture source, transport, and delivery. We collated publicly-available measurements of precipitation δ18O (δ18OP), and used novel data processing techniques to synthesise long (34-year), globally-distributed composite records from temporally discontinuous δ18OP measurements. We investigated relationships between global-scale δ18OP variability and PWC strength, as well as other possible drivers of global δ18OP variability—including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global mean temperature—and used isotope-enabled climate model simulations to assess potential biases arising from uneven geographical distribution of the observations or our data processing methodology. Co-variability underlying the δ18OP composites is more strongly correlated with the PWC (r = 0.74) than any other index of climate variability tested. We propose that the PWC imprint in global δ18OP arises from multiple complementary processes, including PWC-related changes in moisture source and transport length, and a PWC- or ENSO-driven ‘amount effect’ in tropical regions. The clear PWC imprint in global δ18OP implies a strong PWC influence on the regional expression of global water cycle variability on interannual to decadal timescales, and hence that uncertainty in the future state of the PWC translates to uncertainties in future changes in the global water cycle.

scholarly journals The Efforts of the Office of the Religious Affairs of South Palu in Resolving Marriage Conflicts

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-72
Author(s):  
Ismail Ismail ◽  
Abidin Abidin ◽  
Lukman Lukman
Keyword(s):  
Marital Conflict ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Marriage Counseling ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
The People ◽  
Harmonious Family ◽  
Determining Factor

This study discusses the efforts of the Office of the Religious Affairs (KUA) South Palu District to resolve marital conflict in the district. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach where different data collection techniques are employed such as observation, interview, and document reviews. Data analysis used applies data reduction, data presentation, and data verification while consistently considering its validity. The results of this study indicate that the efforts of the KUA of South Palu District in settling down marriage conflict while disseminating the marriage law No. 1, 1974 to the community.At the time of giving marriage counseling and in other religious events such as regular recitation held at the local mosque the head of the KUA do not forget to provide explanations to the public about the adverse impacts on marital conflicts. He also highlights the importance of maintaining a harmonious family. Furthermore, the head of the KUA and his staff continuously do marriage counseling to inculcate the understanding of the importance of maintaining harmony in the household to the people in public especially to prospective brides and bridegrooms. The head of the KUA and his staff also provide guidance in regard to the rights and obligations of a husband and a wife, parental responsibilities to children. The KUA provides supports, adequate facilities, and infrastructure, cooperation with other institutions, availability of regulations that support the implementation of the KUA programs. In addition,a commitment to accountable leadership as a determining factor in the attempts of the KUA to achieve the objectives within which the form of acceleration of the Commitment of the Head of the KUA, Penghulu, or in charge person to be either a guardian of a bride or to hold a marriage, and the role of religious figures in the community are the main goals of the office of the religious affairs.

scholarly journals The cost effective role of Eschmarch tourniquet and psychosocial awareness of disease as a key factor in decompressive therapy of filarial lymphedema

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 2895
Author(s):  
Arun Y. Mane ◽  
Narendra G. Naik
Keyword(s):  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Secondary Lymphedema ◽  
The People ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pitting Edema

Background: The filiariasis is the most common cause of secondary lymphedema of the lower limb. Due to poor awareness of this disease in the people of the lower socioeconomic strata, the patient understands the importance of conservative modality of therapy very late. The cutaneous changes and its complications develop in patient due to unawareness about the nature of noncurable progressive disease. The self-negligence to their own limb also contributes to increase in the morbidity of the disease. The article discusses about cost effective role of Eschmarch tourniquet as a decompressive therapy. The disease causes socioeconomic impairments, stigmatization due to elephantiasis and job insecurity due to cosmetic and functional disability.Methods: This was a retrospective study done in 28 cases of filarial lymphedema. All patients received limb elevation and decompressive therapy by Eschmarch tourniquet.Results: Out of 28 cases, 14 cases in study group of filarial lymphedema with pitting edema (71.42%) and non-pitting edema feet with minimal cutaneous changes (28.57%) showed significant reduction in size of limb girth and satisfactory fluctuating limb girth during the follow up period in OPD respectively, by adequate limb elevation, elastic stockinet and decompressive therapy by Eschmarch tourniquet as compared to the remaining 14 patients of control who received only limb elevation. The better follow up results are noticed by proper guidance to the patient about the disease and its conservative modality of treatment.Conclusions: It is a challenge for the treating consultant to create early awareness about the nature of the filarial disease and early guidance about the conservative treatment which helps to restrict the rapid growth of limb size in filiariatic lymphedema. The eschmarch tourniquet is one of the cost effective decompressive therapy. 

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