A Review of Senile Cataract (Timira) and its Management

Age related cataract is the commonest type of acquired cataract affecting equally persons of either sex usually above the age of 50 years. Senile cataract is almost universal in varying degrees in persons over 70 years of age and is the major cause of global blindness. Special attention should be taken to maintain healthy vision, since the loss of vision partial or complete, disables the person. Importance of vision has been emphasized in our classics by stating Drishtihi Pradhanatamatvat. Timira is one among the Drishtigata Rogas mentioned by Ayurveda Acharyas and it is derived as Timi Kledane Aardri Bhavaha Iti Yavataha, which means increased moisture in the visual apparatus. Acharya Vagbhata quotes that, Timira when neglected becomes Kacha and Kacha leads to Andhya if not treated, Timira being dreadful among the diseases of the eye and hence early management is required. Since hydration is a prominent feature involved in the process of cataract formation and the clinical features of cataract like gradual painless loss of vision, polyopia etc. are similar to those of Timira and also the surgical management of cataract is similar to Kaphaja Linganasha Shastra Chikitsa, the disease Timira can be correlated to senile cataract. This article mainly concentrates on Timira (senile cataract) and compares the similarities between Ayurvedic and modern management

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Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) – pathophysiological and clinical features and therapeutic concepts

Therapeutische Umschau ◽

10.1024/0040-5930.58.1.28 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 28-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ursula Körner-Stiefbold

Keyword(s):

Macular Degeneration ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Altersbedingte Makuladegeneration ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Genetische Faktoren ◽

Age Related ◽

Therapeutic Concepts

Die altersbedingte Makuladegeneration (AMD) ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen für einen irreversiblen Visusverlust bei Patienten über 65 Jahre. Nahezu 30% der über 75-Jährigen sind von einer AMD betroffen. Trotz neuer Erkenntnisse in der Grundlagenforschung ist die Ätiologie, zu der auch genetische Faktoren gehören, noch nicht völlig geklärt. Aus diesem Grund sind die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt noch limitiert, so dass man lediglich von Therapieansätzen sprechen kann. Die derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Möglichkeiten wie medikamentöse, chirurgische und laser- und strahlentherapeutische Maßnahmen werden beschrieben.

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Pathogenesis of Age-related Cataract: a systematic review of proteomic studies

Current Proteomics ◽

10.2174/1570164617999201020205100 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Christina Karakosta ◽

Argyrios Tzamalis ◽

Michalis Aivaliotis ◽

Ioannis Tsinopoulos

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Oxidant Stress ◽

Critical Role ◽

Human Lens ◽

Nuclear Cataract ◽

Cataract Formation ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Ability To Act ◽

Age Related

Background/Objective:: The aim of this systematic review is to identify all the available data on human lens proteomics with a critical role to age-related cataract formation in order to elucidate the physiopathology of the aging lens. Materials and Methods:: We searched on Medline and Cochrane databases. The search generated 328 manuscripts. We included nine original proteomic studies that investigated human cataractous lenses. Results:: Deamidation was the major age-related post-translational modification. There was a significant increase in the amount of αA-crystallin D-isoAsp58 present at all ages, while an increase in the extent of Trp oxidation was apparent in cataract lenses when compared to aged normal lenses. During aging, enzymes with oxidized cysteine at critical sites included GAPDH, glutathione synthase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and PARK7. Conclusion:: D-isoAsp in αA crystallin could be associated with the development of age-related cataract in human, by contributing to the denaturation of a crystallin, and decreasing its ability to act as a chaperone. Oxidation of Trp may be associated with nuclear cataract formation in human, while the role of oxidant stress in age-related cataract formation is dominant.

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The Medical and Surgical Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

International Ophthalmology Clinics ◽

10.1097/00004397-199603620-00011 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 99-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Leonard Joffe

Keyword(s):

Macular Degeneration ◽

Surgical Management ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Age Related

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Age-Related Differences in the Expression of Most Relevant Mediators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tract

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.697390 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Roberto Berni Canani ◽

Marika Comegna ◽

Lorella Paparo ◽

Gustavo Cernera ◽

Cristina Bruno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Nasal Epithelium ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Converting Enzyme ◽

Age Related ◽

Transmembrane Serine Protease

Background: Clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection seem to differ in children compared to that in adults. It has been hypothesized that the lower clinical severity in children could be influenced by differential expression of the main host functional receptor to SARS-CoV-2, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but data are still conflicting. To explore the origin of age-dependent clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we comparatively evaluated the expression in children and adult subjects of the most relevant mediators of the SARS-CoV-2 infection: ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1), transmembrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS2), and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), at upper respiratory tract and small intestine level.Methods: The expression of ACE2, ACE1, TMPRSS2, and NRP1 in nasal epithelium and in small intestine epithelium was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis.Results: We found no differences in ACE2, ACE1, and TMPRSS2 expression in the nasal epithelium comparing children and adult subjects. In contrast, nasal epithelium NRP1 expression was lower in children compared to that in adults. Intestinal ACE2 expression was higher in children compared to that in adults, whereas intestinal ACE1 expression was higher in adults. Intestinal TMPRSS2 and NRP1 expression was similar comparing children and adult subjects.Conclusions: The lower severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection observed in children may be due to a different expression of nasal NRP1, that promotes the virus interaction with ACE2. However, the common findings of intestinal symptoms in children could be due to a higher expression of ACE2 at this level. The insights from these data will be useful in determining the treatment policies and preventive measures for COVID-19.

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Clinical outcome and risk factors of patients with suspected pneumonia in Southwest district of Ethiopia, 2020: A retrospective study

European Journal of Inflammation ◽

10.1177/20587392211048267 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 205873922110482

Author(s):

Mengistu A Sebsibe ◽

Molla A Kebede ◽

Yosef H Kazintet ◽

Bizuayehu T Gosaye ◽

Addisalem M Teferi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Clinical Outcome ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Poor Clinical Outcome ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Early Management ◽

Suspected Pneumonia

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs), especially pneumonia, remain the leading cause of childhood mortality and the most common reason for adult hospitalization in low- and middle-income countries, despite advances in preventative and management strategies. This study was conducted to assess factors associated with poor clinical outcome of suspected pneumonia cases among hospitalized patients at the three public health hospitals in Southwest district of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July, 2020. Those patients admitted with suspected pneumonia were followed up during their hospital stay, and data on outcomes were captured by study nurses. Socio-demographics, clinical features, and follow-up data were gathered, and analyzed using SPSS versions 20.0. The differences in patients’ outcome in relation to their clinical features and epidemiologically linked exposures were described and compared using chi-square tests at 95% confident intervals. In this study, 742 patients with suspected pneumonia were analyzed. Of these, 473 (62.8%) of them were male, and 264 (35.6%) were of age 1–4 years. About 533 (71.8%) patients with suspected pneumonia were presented with irregular respiratory signs/symptoms (more than one symptoms) and 132 (17.9%) had underline illnesses. About 633 (85.4%) of patients were improved after treatment, and 109 (14.7%) of them ended with poor clinical outcome after completion of their treatment. Age of the patients and presence of comorbid conditions such as HIV/AIDS infections and bronchial asthma were identified as the risk factors for poor outcome of patients with suspected pneumonia. The clinical outcome of patients with suspected pneumonia at the three hospitals in Southwest district of Ethiopia was not satisfactory. Our findings highlight that in order to reduce poor clinical outcome related to suspected pneumonia, the efforts should be focused on some factors like management and prevention of chronic comorbidities. Increasing clinicians’ awareness on early management of suspected pneumonia cases is also essential in reducing the burden of the disease .

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Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

10.2310/neuro.2402 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ryan Martin ◽

Lara Zimmermann ◽

Kee D. Kim ◽

Marike Zwienenberg ◽

Kiarash Shahlaie

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Surgical Management ◽

Burst Fracture ◽

Compression Fracture ◽

The United States ◽

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Early Management ◽

Pressure Therapy ◽

Cord Injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury currently affects approximately 285,000 persons in the United States and carries with it significant morbidity and cost. Early management focuses on adequate ventilation and hemodynamic resuscitation of the patient and limiting motion of the spine to prevent a second injury. Medical management targets maintenance of adequate blood flow to the spinal cord, whereas surgical management focuses on decompression, realignment, and stabilization of the vertebral column. In this chapter, we discuss the approach to the patient with traumatic spinal cord injury, injury types, and medical and surgical management. This review contains 9 figures, 4 tables and 30 references Key Words: American Spinal Injury Association score, burst fracture, Chance fracture, compression fracture, hangman, mean arterial pressure therapy, odontoid fracture, spinal cord injury, traction

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