Ophthalmology

Global blindness?, Presenting features of eye disease?, Visual loss: refractive errors?, Cataract?, Corneal opacity?, Glaucoma?, Macular degeneration?, Diabetic retinopathy?, Red eye?, Injuries to the eye?, Red eye with no injury?, Conjunctivitis?, Corneal ulcers?, Uveitis?, Acute glaucoma?, Trachoma?, Xerophthalmia?, Ocular leprosy?, HIV infection and the eye?, Onchocerciasis and the eye?

Literature Survey on Diabetic Retinopathy Classification Using Deep Learning

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a medical condition that damages eye retinal tissues. Diabetic retinopathy leads to mild to complete blindness. It has been a leading cause of global blindness. The identification and categorization of DR take place through the segmentation of parts of the fundus image or the examination of the fundus image for the incidence of exudates, lesions, microaneurysms, and so on. This research aims to study and summarize various recent proposed techniques applied to automate the process of classification of diabetic retinopathy. In the current study, the researchers focused on the concept of classifying the DR fundus images based on their severity level. Emphasis is on studying papers that proposed models developed using transfer learning. Thus, it becomes vital to develop an automatic diagnosis system to support physicians in their work.

Prevalence of Congenital Ocular Anomalies in Paediatric Age Group (0 - 14 Years) in a Tertiary Care Hospital at Kancheepuram, South India

BACKGROUND Congenital ocular anomalies are one of the important causes of childhood blindness. Blindness is a serious public health issue, and also a social and economic problem worldwide. Majority of global blindness is avoidable and curable. Most of global blindness is in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of congenital ocular anomalies in the paediatric age group and its associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in Kancheepuram. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among children of 0 – 14 years age group attending the ophthalmology department of SRM Medical College and Hospital, Kancheepuram from December 2018 to November 2020. Congenital ocular anomalies were detected by detailed ocular examination and the type of congenital ocular anomaly was assessed. Associated risk factors like family history of congenital ocular anomalies, family history of consanguinity and significant antenatal history of the mother of the children were collected. RESULTS Out of 9865 cases, we found that 61 cases had congenital ocular anomalies. There was a male preponderance. Majority of the cases were in the age group 0 - 5 years. A positive history of consanguinity was present in 10 % of cases. The most commonly found cases were congenital cataract and congenital dacryocystitis. CONCLUSIONS Children with congenital ocular anomalies and functional vision should be given glasses and low vision aid. There is a great need for early screening, detection and treatment by paediatric or trained ophthalmologists in referral hospitals. KEYWORDS Congenital Ocular Anomalies, Paediatric Age Group, Prevalence

A Review of Senile Cataract (Timira) and its Management

Age related cataract is the commonest type of acquired cataract affecting equally persons of either sex usually above the age of 50 years. Senile cataract is almost universal in varying degrees in persons over 70 years of age and is the major cause of global blindness. Special attention should be taken to maintain healthy vision, since the loss of vision partial or complete, disables the person. Importance of vision has been emphasized in our classics by stating Drishtihi Pradhanatamatvat. Timira is one among the Drishtigata Rogas mentioned by Ayurveda Acharyas and it is derived as Timi Kledane Aardri Bhavaha Iti Yavataha, which means increased moisture in the visual apparatus. Acharya Vagbhata quotes that, Timira when neglected becomes Kacha and Kacha leads to Andhya if not treated, Timira being dreadful among the diseases of the eye and hence early management is required. Since hydration is a prominent feature involved in the process of cataract formation and the clinical features of cataract like gradual painless loss of vision, polyopia etc. are similar to those of Timira and also the surgical management of cataract is similar to Kaphaja Linganasha Shastra Chikitsa, the disease Timira can be correlated to senile cataract. This article mainly concentrates on Timira (senile cataract) and compares the similarities between Ayurvedic and modern management