Application of Nano-biotechnology for Improvement in Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhopadhyay A ◽  
Prosenjit M
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

scholarly journals Development and Regeneration in the Endocrine Pancreas

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
The Core ◽  
Insulin Producing Cells ◽  
Endocrine Hormones ◽  
Cell Sources ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Self Replication

The pancreas is composed of two compartments that deliver digestive enzymes and endocrine hormones to control the blood sugar level. The endocrine pancreas consists of functional units organized into cell clusters called islets of Langerhans where insulin-producing cells are found in the core and surrounded by glucagon-, somatostatin-, pancreatic polypeptide-, and ghrelin-producing cells. Diabetes is a devastating disease provoked by the depletion or malfunction of insulin-producing beta-cells in the endocrine pancreas. The side effects of diabetes are multiple, including cardiovascular, neuropathological, and kidney diseases. The analyses of transgenic and knockout mice gave major insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling endocrine pancreas genesis. Moreover, the study of animal models of pancreas injury revealed that the pancreas has the propensity to undergo regeneration and opened new avenues to develop novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diabetes. Thus, beside self-replication of preexisting insulin-producing cells, several potential cell sources in the adult pancreas were suggested to contribute to beta-cell regeneration, including acinar, intraislet, and duct epithelia. However, regeneration in the adult endocrine pancreas is still under controversial debate.

scholarly journals Glucagon Control on Food Intake and Energy Balance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 3905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Al-Massadi ◽  
Johan Fernø ◽  
Carlos Diéguez ◽  
Ruben Nogueiras ◽  
Mar Quiñones
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Glucagon Receptor ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Pleiotropic Actions ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity ◽  
New Strategies

Glucagon exerts pleiotropic actions on energy balance and has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of diabetes and obesity in the last few years. Glucagon reduces body weight and adiposity by suppression of appetite and by modulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, this hormone promotes weight loss by activation of energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In this review, we cover these metabolic actions elicited by glucagon beyond its canonical regulation of glucose metabolism. In addition, we discuss recent developments of therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity and diabetes by dual- and tri-agonist molecules based on combinations of glucagon with other peptides. New strategies using these unimolecular polyagonists targeting the glucagon receptor (GCGR), have become successful approaches to evaluate the multifaceted nature of glucagon signaling in energy balance and metabolic syndrome.

Bioengineering in Development of the Hybrid Artificial Pancreas

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Colton ◽  
E. S. Avgoustiniatos
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Artificial Pancreas ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Immune Rejection ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Hybrid Device ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

The hybrid artificial pancreas for treatment of diabetes consists of insulin-secreting pancreatic tissue which is surrounded by a membrane that protects the tissue from rejection by the immune system following implantation. In this paper, we review the alternative therapeutic approaches for diabetes under study and then discuss the technical requirements that must be met by a hybrid device useful to humans. Previous work on intravascular and extravascular immunoisolation devices is reviewed from the standpoint of these requirements, and three critical unresolved issues are discussed: biocompatibility, oxygen supply limitations, and prevention of immune rejection.

GSK-3 Inhibitors as New Leads to Treat Type-II Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gangarapu Kiran ◽  
Gowru Srivani ◽  
Prabhakar Reddy Veerareddy ◽  
Ramyakrishna Sharvirala ◽  
Dilipkumar Pal
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Serine Threonine Kinase ◽  
Threonine Kinase ◽  
Dpp Iv ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

In India as well as globally diabetes is in a state of high risk and only next to cardiovascular disease. As per the WHO the risk of diabetes is expected to rise to about 511 million by 2030. In quest for novel targets for type-2 diabetes many targets were elucidated such as Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3), Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP-IV), PPAR-, α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase, GLP-1, SGLT. Among the targets GSK-3 reported to be an effective target for the treatment of diabetes. In the metabolism of glycogen, GSK is a regulating enzyme for the biosynthesis of glycogen (glycogenesis). It catalyzes the synthesis of linear unbranched molecule with 1,4-- glycosidic linkages. GSK-3 family has two isoenzymes, namely α and β which differ in their N- and C- terminal sequences and is a semi conservative multifunctional serine/threonine kinase enzyme. In this chapter we discuss an overview of general diabetic mechanisms and how GSK-3 modulation may influence these processes. Mutation in the GSK-3 complex that cause diabetes. Synthetic and natural scaffolds which modulates the GSK-3 against diabetes and lead optimization for the development of GSK-3 inhibitors. This review mainly focuses on the development of GSK-3 inhibitors and highlights current and potential future therapeutic approaches that supports the notion of targeting glucose metabolism with novel antidiabetic agents.

Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-675
Author(s):  
Parasuraman Padmanabhan ◽  
Mathangi Palanivel ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Domokos Máthé ◽  
George K. Radda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), affect the ageing population worldwide and while severely impairing the quality of life of millions, they also cause a massive economic burden to countries with progressively ageing populations. Parallel with the search for biomarkers for early detection and prediction, the pursuit for therapeutic approaches has become growingly intensive in recent years. Various prospective therapeutic approaches have been explored with an emphasis on early prevention and protection, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Many pharmacological interventions have proved to be promising novel avenues, but successful applications are often hampered by the poor delivery of the therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a promising option, as NP-based drug delivery systems can be functionalized to target specific cell surface receptors and to achieve controlled and long-term release of therapeutics to the target tissue. The usefulness of NPs for loading and delivering of drugs has been extensively studied in the context of NDDs, and their biological efficacy has been demonstrated in numerous preclinical animal models. Efforts have also been made towards the development of NPs which can be used for targeting the BBB and various cell types in the brain. The main focus of this review is to briefly discuss the advantages of functionalized NPs as promising theranostic agents for the diagnosis and therapy of NDDs. We also summarize the results of diverse studies that specifically investigated the usage of different NPs for the treatment of NDDs, with a specific emphasis on AD and PD, and the associated pathophysiological changes. Finally, we offer perspectives on the existing challenges of using NPs as theranostic agents and possible futuristic approaches to improve them.

Lessons From the Neural Bases of Speech and Voice

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Brain Networks ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Neural Bases ◽  
Sound Foundation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Speech

The premise of this article is that increased understanding of the brain bases for normal speech and voice behavior will provide a sound foundation for developing therapeutic approaches to establish or re-establish these functions. The neural substrates involved in speech/voice behaviors, the types of muscle patterning for speech and voice, the brain networks involved and their regulation, and how they can be externally modulated for improving function will be addressed.

Physiologic Studies Provide New Perspectives on Early Speech Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Erin M. Wilson ◽  
Ignatius S. B. Nip
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Facial Motion ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Physiologic Data

Abstract Although certain speech development milestones are readily observable, the developmental course of speech motor control is largely unknown. However, recent advances in facial motion tracking systems have been used to investigate articulator movements in children and the findings from these studies are being used to further our understanding of the physiologic basis of typical and disordered speech development. Physiologic work has revealed that the emergence of speech is highly dependent on the lack of flexibility in the early oromotor system. It also has been determined that the progression of speech motor development is non-linear, a finding that has motivated researchers to investigate how variables such as oromotor control, cognition, and linguistic factors affect speech development in the form of catalysts and constraints. Physiologic data are also being used to determine if non-speech oromotor behaviors play a role in the development of speech. This improved understanding of the physiology underlying speech, as well as the factors influencing its progression, helps inform our understanding of speech motor control in children with disordered speech and provide a framework for theory-driven therapeutic approaches to treatment.

Popliteal entrapment syndrome and age

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schweizer ◽  
Hügli ◽  
Koella ◽  
Jeanneret
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Leg Pain ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors

On the occasion of diagnosing a popliteal entrapment syndrome in a 59-year old man with no cardiovascular risk factors, who developed acute ischemic leg pain during long distance running, we give an overview on this entity with emphasis on patients’age. The different types of the popliteal artery compression syndrome are summarized. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The most important clinical sign of a popliteal entrapment syndrome is the lack of atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with limited walking distance. Not only in young athletes but also in patients more than 50 years old the popliteal entrapment syndrome has to be taken into account.

Endoscopic mucosal resection for recurrent gastric antral vascular ectasia

VASA ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsinelos ◽  
Chatzimavroudis ◽  
Katsinelos ◽  
Panagiotopoulou ◽  
Kotakidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection ◽  
Argon Plasma Coagulation ◽  
Argon Plasma ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Plasma Coagulation ◽  
Vascular Ectasia ◽  
Mucosal Resection ◽  
First Case

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is an overt or occult source of gastrointestinal bleeding. Despite several therapeutic approaches have been successfully tested for preventing chronic bleeding, some patients present recurrence of GAVE lesions. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case, of a 86-year-old woman who presented severe iron-deficiency anemia due to GAVE and showed recurrence of GAVE lesion despite the intensive argon plasma coagulation treatment. We performed endoscopic mucosal resection of bleeding GAVE with resolution of anemia.

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