Potentials of Edible Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) Starch for Bioplastic: A Review

Starch-based bioplastic was more economical and competitive compared to bacteria-based bioplastics (polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates) due to the starch variances and the availability in Indonesia, along with the simple techniques that can be applied. This review aimed to describe the potential and opportunities of edible canna starch as an alternative raw material of bioplastics production. Edible canna tuber productivity in Java, Indonesia, with a harvest age of about eight months reaches 30-49.4 tons/ha. It will produce a mature segment 70.2% of the total harvest weight. Edible canna tuber was a carbohydrate source that contains 88.10% starch with an advantage of 68% higher fiber and mineral content than other tubers. Furthermore, canna tuber starch contains amylose proportions of 35.0%. The high amylose content in canna starch is one of the properties that can position its function for developing packaging materials. The gelatinization process of canna starch requires a short time and low energy because of its large granule size (56 μm). A literature review of canna starch as an alternative of bioplastic raw materials needs to be carried out to obtain accurate data and information regarding treatment, use of additional materials, and characteristics of bioplastic products resulting from experimental studies so that they can be further implemented.

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Production of very-high-amylose cassava by post-transcriptional silencing of branching enzyme genes

10.1101/477414 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Wenzhi Zhou ◽

Shanshan Zhao ◽

Shutao He ◽

Qiuxiang Ma ◽

Xinlu Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amylose Content ◽

Length Distribution ◽

Constitutive Expression ◽

Raw Material ◽

Distribution Analysis ◽

Starch Granules ◽

Storage Roots ◽

Chain Length Distribution ◽

Transgenic Cassava ◽

High Amylose

AbstractHigh amylose starch, a desired raw material in the starch industry, can be produced by plants deficient in the function of branching enzymes (BEs). Here we report the production of transgenic cassava plants with starches containing up to 50% amylose due to the constitutive expression of hair-pin dsRNAs targeting the BE1 or BE2 genes. A significant decrease in BE transcripts was confirmed in these transgenic plants by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The absence of BE1 protein in the BE1-RNAi plant lines (BE1i) and a dramatically lower level of BE2 protein in the BE2-RNAi plant lines (BE2i) were further confirmed by Western blot assays. All transgenic plant lines were grown up in the field, but with reduced biomass production of the above-ground parts and storage roots compared to wild type (WT). Considerably high amylose content in the storage roots of BE2i plant lines was achieved, though not in BE1i plant lines. Storage starch granules of BE1i and BE2i plants had similar morphology as WT, however, the size of BE1i starch granules were bigger than that of WT. Comparisons of amylograms and thermograms of all three sources of storage starches revealed dramatic changes to the pasting properties and a higher melting temperature for BE2i starches. Glucan chain length distribution analysis showed a slight increase in chains of DP>36 in BE1i lines and a dramatic increase in glucan chains between DP 10-20 and DP>40 in BE2i lines, compared to that of WT starch. Furthermore, BE2i starches displayed a B-type X-ray diffraction pattern instead of the A-type pattern found in BE1i and WT starches. Therefore, cassava BE1 and BE2 function differently in storage root starch biosynthesis; silencing of cassava BE1 or BE2 caused various changes to starch physico-chemical properties and amylopectin structure. We also report that remarkably high amylose content in cassava starch has been first obtained in transgenic cassava by silencing of BE2 expression, thus showing a high potential for future industrial utilization.

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Efficient use of microwave EMF and multilevel high temperature sterilization modes in apple puree technology for dietetic nutrition

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202022203005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 222 ◽

pp. 03005

Author(s):

M.M. Rakhmanova ◽

A.F. Demirova ◽

M.E. Akhmedov ◽

Z.A. Abdulkhalikov ◽

T.N. Daudova

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

High Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Raw Material ◽

Saturated Steam ◽

Technical Data ◽

Short Time ◽

Apple Puree ◽

Apple Purée

The article is dedicated to improving the quality of apple puree with xylitol for dietetic nutrition due to the development and implementation of a new technological process. This is microwave boiling of apples, rather than traditional steaming using saturated steam before chopping, with the development of a device for its implementation and multilevel high-temperature sterilization modes with prebake of apple puree in glass jars in microwave EMF. The analysis of research and technical data proved that pre-heat treatment of apples with saturated steam and traditional sterilization modes have a considerable duration, which impairs the finished products quality and has an adverse effect on the nutrient composition of the raw material during processing. Substituting the traditional method of pre-heat treatment of apples for their short-time processing in microwave EMF reduces the process by more than twice, which, in turn, contributes to an increased preservation of the nutrient composition of apples, while enhancing the yield of apple puree. For the implementation of microwave processing method of raw materials, a new design of the device for electromagnetic treatment of plant roughage has been developed, providing a uniform and more intensive heat treatment of raw materials in a continuous flow. Rapid multilevel high-temperature sterilization modes with the application of apple puree in glass jars in microwave EMF, liquid high-temperature heat devices and an autoclave basket, providing the opportunity for thermal sterilization of the product without creating reverse pressure in the machine, generally contribute to reducing heat costs and increasing the nutritional value.

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Optimization of the process of mixing liquid-phase heterogeneous products

Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies ◽

10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-204-210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 204-210

Author(s):

L. E. Glagoleva ◽

N. P. Zatsepilina ◽

M. V. Kopylov ◽

S. O. Rodionov

Keyword(s):

Software Package ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Food Additives ◽

Whey Proteins ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Good Health ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

And Performance

The leading direction in the field of nutrition is the creation of a range of products that contribute to improving health when they are used daily in the diet. The urgency of studying bovine colostrum-colostrum, which is an immune-modeling animal raw material, has been substantiated. Colostrum is a natural source of all the ingredients needed to build immunity. Biologically active substances contained in cow colostrum contribute to: restoration of immunity; restoration of the intestines and stomach; strengthening the nervous system; renewal of brain cells; improving emotional tone and mood; increasing vitality and performance; slowing down the aging process; protection against diseases of the intestines and stomach, cardiovascular system, respiratory tract, diabetes, allergies, osteoporosis and a number of other diseases. Colostrum contains a minimum of 37 immune factors and 8 growth factors that help the body fight disease and promote good health and longevity. The classes of immunoglobulins contained in colostrum, which represent the bulk of whey proteins, have been studied. Colostrum is a limited source of raw materials, its production period is short, there are many opportunities for industrial use, but due to the small amount of raw materials, the market remains undeveloped, with the exception of food additives. Taking into account the extensive therapeutic and medicinal properties of colostrum, its unique composition and properties, its composition and physicochemical properties were investigated, the fractionation parameters were determined using various systems. To process the experimental studies, the STATISTICA 12 software package was used. To obtain the regression equation, the matrix data were processed using the Microsoft Excel 2010 software package. The analysis of the data obtained indicates the possibility and prospects of using colostroma in food production technology.

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KINETICS OF DEHUMIDIFICATION АND DESTRUCTION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT DURING INFRARED DRYING OF FRUIT AND BERRIES IN A MULTI-TIERED DRIER U

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ◽

10.26897/2687-1149-2020-5-56-63 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

ALEKSEI A. ZAVALIY ALEKSEI A. ◽

◽

LYUDMILA A. LAGO LYUDMILA A. ◽

ALEKSANDR S. RYBALKO ALEKSANDR S.

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Heat Exposure ◽

Analytical Description ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Surface ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Coeffi Cients ◽

Short Time ◽

The Relationship

The fi rst-order model of chemical kinetics was applied for an analytical description of the destruction of vitamin C content during the infrared (IR) drying of plant materials. In this model, the authors used the Arrhenius equation to describe the temperature infl uence on the speed of the simulated processes. The coeffi cients of the model were determined by the xperimental data for IR drying of raspberries and sliced apples. The authors found the relationship between the temperature of raw materials, the time of heat exposure and destruction of vitamin C in fruit and berries during IR drying. The study determined the requirements for maximum preservation of the native properties of raw materials during their drying in a multilevel drying machine. They include minimizing the contact of the raw material surface with an oxidizing environment; carrying out drying at a minimum temperature irregularity of raw materials and over a short time at the maximum permissible temperatures of raw materials under atmospheric pressure in the drier unit.

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Technology for the production of carbon nanomaterials by pyrolysis

Oil and Gas Studies ◽

10.31660/0445-0108-2021-4-95-108 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 95-108

Author(s):

O. A. Kolenchukov ◽

E. A. Petrovsky ◽

N. A. Smirnov

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanomaterials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Waste Oil ◽

Hydrocarbon Gases ◽

Associated Petroleum Gas ◽

Associated Gas ◽

Pyrolysis Method ◽

Processing Petroleum

The processes of oil production and preparation involve the formation of a mixture of various hydrocarbon gases, otherwise called associated petroleum gas. Today most of associated petroleum gas produced is burned, causing damage to the natural environment, or used as an energy supply for technological equipment. At the same time, associated petroleum gas can be used as a valuable raw material to produce various chemicals. In the article, the existing methods of APG utilization are considered, and the relatively simplest and most environmentally friendly pyrolysis method is proposed. A comparative analysis of the methods of mixing raw materials was carried out, as a result of which it was revealed that the mechanical and vibration methods are considered the most rational. An experimental installation for processing petroleum associated gas by pyrolysis is presented. The results of experimental studies of the production of carbon fiber nanomaterials and hydrogen are presented. Gas (CH4) obtained by utilization of hydrocarbon-containing waste (oil sludge) was used as a feedstock. The average yield of the target products was 81 l/h for hydrogen and 325.5 g/h for nanofiber carbon.

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Specific Properties of Artificial [Buna] Rubber

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3538956 ◽

1937 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 17-28

Author(s):

Albert Koch

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Small Extent ◽

Raw Material ◽

World War ◽

Methyl Group ◽

Synthetic Product ◽

Laboratory Results ◽

Short Time ◽

Resistance To Heat

Abstract Developments in the Synthesis of Rubber Because of the peculiar properties of natural rubber, its usefulness is somewhat limited, and in many fields of application it is quite unsuitable. In contact with oils and fats it swells rapidly and loses almost completely its good mechanical properties, and besides this natural rubber has poor resistance to heat. Again it is attacked rather easily by oxygen, and on exposure to oxygen and light simultaneously there is a particularly strong tendency to develop cracks within a short time; it is for such reasons that the chemical industries of various countries have been looking for an artificial or synthetic product which is free from the shortcomings of natural rubber or exhibits them to only a relatively small extent. Experimentation on artificial rubber has depended fundamentally on the discovery of Harries that the natural rubber molecule is constructed of isoprene units. Isoprene and its allied hydrocarbons were prepared by Hoffmann and his coworkers at the Elberfeld dye works, and these compounds were in turn polymerized to masses similar to rubber. These experiments were carried out before the World War. Because of a shortage of raw materials during the War, it was necessary to adapt the laboratory results to a factory scale sooner than should logically have been done. At that time the most readily available technical raw material was dimethylbutadiene, a compound which differs from isoprene by the presence of an extra methyl group, as may be seen in Table I.

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Development of the smelting technology of complex aluminum-chrome-silicon-containing ASC alloy from substandard raw materials

Izvestiya Ferrous Metallurgy ◽

10.17073/0368-0797-2019-9-714-720 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (9) ◽

pp. 714-720

Author(s):

A. S. Orlov ◽

A. Z. Isagulov ◽

O. R. Sariev ◽

M. Zh. Tolymbekov

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Coal Ash ◽

Furnace Operation ◽

Reducing Agent ◽

Raw Material ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Complex Alloy ◽

The Rich

Scientists of the Chemical-Metallurgical Institute named after Zh. Abishev develop new types of highly effective alloys based on resource-saving technologies that allow the complex processing of natural and technogenic raw materials, such as carbonaceous waste, chrome ore fines, etc. Therefore, it has led to the creation of a onestage, slag-free and non-waste technology with the maximum use of all useful charge components. With disappearance of rich ore reserves, as well as the expansion of demand for raw materials and the development of technology, the rich ores are replaced by poorer and substandard ones that require new methods of processing. The maximum use of raw materials and industrial waste, if this is economically justified, is one of the basic requirements for the technology. This task is closely intertwined, and in many cases coincides with another task – the development of integrated methods of raw materials processing, which, in the general production cycle, allows using, if possible, all useful elements of raw materials. The main objective of the study is to find ways to improve the use of sub-standard chrome ore. As a reducing agent in the electrothermal smelting of the ACS alloy, instead of expensive coke, without which no process of carbothermic smelting is required, a cheap high-ash Borly coal was used. The coal ash, which mainly consists of silica and alumina, is an additional source of silicon and aluminum in the alloy. This technology will be simple and allows regarding substandard chromium ore as a complex metallurgical raw material, since not only chrome is used, but also the components of the waste rock – silicon and aluminum. As a result of the complete reduction of all charge oxides, this technology will make it possible to obtain a complex alloy of ACS with an approximate chemical composition: 39 – 43 % of chromium, 23 – 27 % of silicon, 7 – 10 % of aluminum. The transition of the main components of the charge to the alloy will be: 82 – 85 % of chromium, 68 – 70 % of silicon, 59 – 60 % of aluminum. In this paper, the results of experimental studies on the production of a complex alloy of ACS (aluminum-chromium-silicon) from high-ash coals of the Borly deposit and chrome ore minerals of the Donskoi GOK are presented. The course of furnace operation is described with a lack, excess, and also the calculated amount of the reducing agent. The ways of eliminating the upset in furnace operation are shown.

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PERSPECTIVES OF VEGETABLE PRESSED SKINS PROCESSING AND USE IN FOOD INDUSTRY

EUREKA Life Sciences ◽

10.21303/2504-5695.2021.001633 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

Aleksandr Cherevko ◽

Valeriy Mykhaylov ◽

Оlga Mayak ◽

Andrey Shevchenko ◽

Svitlana Prasol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Vacuum Drying ◽

Swelling Degree ◽

Technological Production ◽

Material Separation ◽

Vegetable Raw Materials ◽

Drying Regime

Vegetable concentrates contain in their composition dietary fibers, microelements, color-forming substances, allowing to use them as a replacer of a main substance in food products rather successfully. The authors propose a way of vegetables processing into vegetable semi-products. Vacuum drying of vegetable pressed skins using vibration is provided. The method of vegetables processing into vegetable concentrates on an example of carrot provides raw material separation in juice and pressed skin with further separate processing of each component. For realizing the proposed method, a technological production line of concentrates of vegetable raw materials, including developed and studied equipment: vacuum evaporating apparatus with a device for heating and mixing, vacuum vibration dryer has been developed. Experimental studies of a swelling degree, solubility and reproduction of vegetable pressed skins have proved an advantage of drying raw materials under the influence of vibration that confirmed the choice of process parameters. Vegetable pressed skins at using vibration and vacuum have a swelling degree by 120…170 % more than at the convection drying regime

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Experimental Studies on Compressive Strength of Aerated Concrete with Varying Percentage of Aluminium Powder

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202130901197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 309 ◽

pp. 01197

Author(s):

G.V.V. Satyanarayana ◽

A. Ranjith

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Building Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Industrial Growth ◽

Aluminium Powder ◽

Aerated Concrete ◽

Lime Powder ◽

By Products

Today the disposal of various by-product materials is a concern against the environment, these are producing due to rapid industrial growth in our country. Most of the researchers are focused on the utilization of these by-products in the civil engineering construction industry. By using these by-products, on one hand, will protect the environment and other hands the disposal problem will be solved. Day by day the requirement of building materials increased due to urbanization, due to this more raw materials are required and depleted the natural resources. In this contest, environmental protection is need to protect incremental temperature in nature. To avoid these problems of the modern era, aggregation of these by-products can be used as one of building material and to overcome this situation, Aerated concrete is one of the solutions by reducing the raw material quantity in concrete like sand and cement by introducing air without compromising in the volume. Day to day aerated concrete has become popular due to lightweight and high insulation against temperature and sound. This concrete is using in high raised buildings to reduce the self-weight of building to protect during earthquake situations. In this experimental study mainly performed the compressive strength of aerated concrete with replacement of sand by quarry dust. Also reducing the cement content with replacement of fly ash, GGBS and lime powder at various percentages that is ranging. the performance of aerated concrete was observed more satisfactory when compared with and without replacement of above-saided materials.

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PENURUNAN INDEKS GLIKEMIK BERAS PRATANAK DENGAN BAHAN BAKU GABAH KERING PANEN (GKP)

Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian ◽

10.21082/jpasca.v15n2.2018.106-114 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 106

Author(s):

Rahmawati Nurdjannah ◽

Sarah Anita Apriliani ◽

Sri Widowati

Keyword(s):

Glycemic Index ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Parameter Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Component Ratio ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Parboiled Rice

Mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia menyukai beras dengan tekstur pulen yang memiliki kandungan amilosa rendah dan cenderung memiliki Indeks Glikemik (IG) tinggi. Respon glikemik beras selain dipengaruhi oleh sifat fisiko-kimianya, dipengaruhi juga oleh proses pengolahan, penyimpanan, ratio komponen amilosa dan amilopektin pada pangan, indeks gelatinisasi dan ukuran partikel pati, komponen pangan lain, dan asam-asam organik. Proses pratanak terbukti mampu menurunkan nilai indeks glikemik pada beras gabah kering giling (GKG), namun belum pernah dilakukan pada Gabah Kering Panen (GKP), bila dilihat dari kadar airnya dapat mempercepat proses perendaman,dan menghemat biaya produksi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari-April 2016. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Balai Besar Litbang Pasca Panen. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah GKP dan GKG dari varietas Inpari 24 (beras merah). Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap faktorial tiga kali ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah bahan baku (GKP dan GKG) dan faktor kedua adalah lama perendaman (3 dan 4 jam). Parameter analisa yang dilakukan adalah mutu fisik beras, proksimat, serat pangan, gula total, pati, amilosa, daya cerna pati, serat kasar dan Indeks Glikemik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mutu fisik beras pra tanak dari bahan baku GKP yang direndam selama 4 jam memiliki kadar beras kepala yang lebih tinggi (92,86%) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang lain. Beras pratanak yang berasal dari GKP dan GKG yang direndam selama 4 jam memiliki nilai Indeks Glikemik yang sama yaitu 62 yang lebih rendah dari bahan baku (IG GKP: 84, IG GKG: 72). Reducing Glycemic Index on Parboiled Rice with Raw Material from Freshly Harvested PaddyThe majority of Indonesian people liked the rice with a fluffier texture that has a low amylose content and tend to have the Glycemic Index (GI) high. Besides rice glycemic response is influenced by the physic-chemical properties, influenced also by the processing, storage, component ratio of amylose and amylopectin in food, gelatinization index and particle size starch. Parboiled process is proven to reduce the glycemic index value of dried paddy (DP), but it has never been done on wet paddy (WP). The study was conducted in February-April 2016. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development. The raw materials used are DHR and DMR of Inpari 24 (brown rice). The study was conducted on a laboratory scale with a completely randomized factorial design of three replications. The first factor is the raw material (DHR and DMR) and the second factor is the soaking time (3 and 4 hours). Parameter analysis performed is physical quality rice, proximate, dietary fiber, total sugar, starch, amylose, starch digestibility, crude fiber, color and the Glycemic Index. Results showed physical quality of rice parboiled of raw materials DHR soaked for 4 hours had levels higher head rice (92.86%) compared to other treatments. Parboiled rice originating from DHR and DMR soaked for 4 hours to have the same value of the glycemic index was 62 lower than the raw material (IG DHR: 84, IG DMR: 72).

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