Anthropometric study of the 2D:4D digits ratio in Urhobo people of Southern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Ebeye O A
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Anthropometric Study

ABSTRACT Background: Anthropometric study of the 2D:4D digits ratio in Urhobo people of Nigeria was carried out to determine the values of 2D and 4D lengths and ascertain if there are sexual differences between the 2D:4D ratios of male and female Urhobos. Materials and Method: A total of 300 volunteered (146 males and 154 females) Urhobo people were employed in the study aged 18 and above. The lengths of the index (2D) and ring (4D) digits were measured with a Vernier Caliper and 2D:4D digit ratios were calculated. Results: Results from the presents study showed that males had higher right index digit (R2D) lengths and ring digit (R4D) length compared to females. It was also revealed that males had higher left ring digit (L4D) lengths compared to females. However, females had higher left index (L2D) finger lengths compared to males. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that males had lower 2D:4D digits ratios compared with that of females and this was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Why do male butterflies visit mud puddles?

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Adler ◽  
David L. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Male Butterflies ◽  
Older Males

This study is the first to demonstrate that Na budgets of male and female Lepidoptera differ. At the time of emergence, male imported cabbage butterflies, Pieris rapae L., have significantly more total body Na than females. Older males collected from the field show a significantly lower level of body Na than freshly emerged males, whereas freshly emerged females and older, field-collected females show no difference. It is suggested that feeding from soil may help restore losses of Na in males. A single female, through oviposition, may lose nearly 75% of the total body Na with which it emerged. The lepidopteran mating system involving transfer of spermatophores is postulated as one causative factor for sexual differences in body Na levels.

Seasonal and Sexual Differences in the Effects of Parathyroidectomy in the Indian Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor with a Note on Follicle Formation in Reptilian Parathyroids

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Akbarsha
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Luminal Content ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Calotes Versicolor ◽  
Parathyroid Extract

AbstractMale and female C. versicolor were parathyroidectomized and/or administered with parathyroid extract during summer and winter. Sexual as well as seasonal differences were noticed in the effects. The results correlate with the often reported seasonal histophysiological changes in the parathyroids, suggesting "physiological parathyroidectomy" in winter lizards. Oestrogen induced hypercalcemiaappears to prevail in female lizards during the breeding season. Seasonal histological studies on the parathyroids ofthis lizard suggest that the often reported parathyroid follicles in reptiles originate due to degeneration of secretory parenchyma and that the follicular luminal content is only a condensate of the material released during degeneration. Though such follicle formation has also been reported in mammalian parathyroids, the causative factors seem to differ.

SEX-DEPENDENT PREPUBERTAL GONADOTROPHIN SURGES IN THE RAT

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER ENEROTH ◽  
JAN-ÅKE GUSTAFSSON ◽  
PAUL SKETT ◽  
ÅKE STENBERG
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Detection Level ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Immature Male ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Peak Value

SUMMARY The concentrations of LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay in sera from immature male and female rats of various ages. Fairly high levels of FSH were found in both sexes at birth but LH was not detected. FSH peaks appeared in the male at 13 and 19 days of age and in the female at 13 and 17–19 days of age. LH was undetectable in the male before 12 days of age, rose to a peak (440 ± 60 (s.d.) ng/ml) at 13 days of age and fell below the detection level again between 15 and 25 days of age. A further increase then occurred which almost reached adult levels. LH was first detectable in the female rat at 11 days of age with a peak value of 130 ± 35 ng/ml at 12 days. The hormone was undetectable on days 14 and 15, rose to a second peak on day 18 (148 ± 56 ng/ml), and was again absent between 19 and 25 days of age. The concentration rose, as in the male, between days 25 and 28 to a level similar to that of the adult. The results show sexual differences in prepubertal gonadotrophin surges. The LH peak at 12–13 days in both sexes appears to be light-dependent. The FSH peak at this time was affected by light but was not strictly light-dependent.

An Enquiry Concerning the Humean Woman

Philosophy ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 56 (217) ◽  
pp. 303-312
Author(s):  
Christine Battersby
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Treatise Of Human Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Writings ◽  
Biological Differences ◽  
Specific Section

To discover David Hume's views on women it is necessary to bring together remarks scattered somewhat sparsely throughout his philosophical and historical writings. Although the titles of Hume's major works might suggest that he was describing the understanding and nature of all human beings, both male and female, in none of the works do we find a specific section devoted to an analysis of sexual differences in these two respects. There is a tidy chapter on female morality in A Treatise of Human Nature, but nothing comparable for female nature as such (T, 570–573). This omission does not, however, imply that Hume thought that biological differences had no concomitants in character and understanding. Neither, despite Hume's bantering remark that an essay on a ‘Subject so little to be understood as Women’ would be ‘unintelligible’, does this neglect imply that Hume was uncertain about these attendant differences (L, i, 45). Hume's exclusion of such a section seems to stem only from his desire to stress human uniformity, not from any lack of recognition of human variety. Because of the absence of any systematic treatment of the subject by Hume, it is necessary to proceed cautiously in interpreting his remarks on women. There is a further reason for caution in that Hume offers ‘jests and pleasantries’ as well as more serious comments on this subject; Hume, on occasions, gallantly woos his so-called ‘favourites’, his female readers, and when he does so sincerity is gallantly put aside.

scholarly journals Morphological evaluation of the humeral length and application as indicator of sexual dimorphism among Southern Nigerian children

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2881
Author(s):  
Dayo R. Omotoso ◽  
Felix O. Akinshipe
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
Nigerian Children ◽  
Morphological Evaluation ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Measured Length ◽  
Old Females

Background: This study was carried out to evaluate humeral length among children in Southern Nigeria and to describe its sexual dimorphism among study population.Methods: This study involved 450 children (230 males and 220 females) between 3-14 years old in Southern Nigerian.  The humeral length was measured as distance between lateral epicondyle distally palpated when elbow was flexed to 90 degrees and acromion proximally palpated lateral end of clavicle. Definitive right and left humeral lengths (RHL and LHL) were derived by subtracting 2.5 mm from measured length. Average values of RHL and LHL were evaluated as morphological humeral length (MHL) for each subject. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 20 and statistical comparisons done using t-test with p < 0.05 regarded as level of significant difference.Results: In all age groups, non-significant bilateral variation was observed with the RHL higher than the LHL among both male and female subjects. In addition, the results showed significant (p<0.05) sexual dimorphism in all age groups with mean±SEM of MHL among 3-6 years old higher in females (19.45±0.81) than in males (18.63±0.83).  However, the reverse was observed among higher age groups with mean±SEM of MHL in 7-10- and 11-14-years old males (24.43±0.95 and 28.75±0.94) significantly higher than in 7-10 years old and 11-14 years old females (22.85±0.91 and 26.73±0.84) respectively.Conclusions: Based on findings of this study, humeral morphometrics particularly the humeral length can be applied as a significant indicator of sexual dimorphism among the study population.

scholarly journals CENTRAL EQUILIBRIA IN MULTILOCUS SYSTEMS. II. BISEXUAL GENERALIZED NONEPISTATIC SELECTION MODELS

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-816
Author(s):  
Samuel Karlin ◽  
Uri Liberman
Keyword(s):  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Stability Conditions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Stability Properties ◽  
Selection Regime ◽  
Existence And Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Linkage Relationships ◽  
Weighted Combination

ABSTRACT This paper is a continuation of the paper "Central Equilibria in Multilocus Systems I," concentrating on existence and stability properties accruing to central H-W type equilibria in multilocus bisexual systems acted on by generalized nonepistatic selection forces coupled to recombination events. The stability conditions are discussed and interpreted in three perspectives, and the influence of sexual differences in linkage relationships together with sex-dependent selection is appraised. In this case we deduce that the stability conditions of the H-W polymorphism in the bisexual model coincide exactly with the conditions for the corresponding monoecious model, provided that the recombination distribution imposed is that of the arithmetic mean of the male and female recombination distributions. A second concern has the same recombination distribution for both sexes, but contrasting selection regimes between sexes. It is then established that, with respect to discerning the relevance of the H-W equilibrium, there is an equivalent monoecious selection regime which is an appropriate "weighted combination" of the male and female selection forms. Finally, in the case where the selection and recombination structures are both sex dependent, a hierarchy of comparisons is elaborated, seeking to unravel the nature of selection-recombination interaction for monoecious versus diocecious systems.

Constructing Sex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marli F. Weiner ◽  
Mazie Hough
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
The South ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Reproductive Processes

This chapter examines how southern physicians constructed the meanings of male and female bodies. Believing that reproductive processes were inherently dangerous to women's health, doctors throughout the nation sought to extend their authority by proclaiming that menarche, menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, and menopause often required medical attention. In the South, these vulnerabilities had to be ascribed to white women's bodies at the same time that doctors rejected them for black women. However, doctors eager to expand their practice and willing to acknowledge black women's suffering could not reject them too vehemently. This chapter considers how physicians defined white women's bodies as well as the ways in which they addressed the contradictions in their explanations of racial and sexual differences. It shows that physicians utilized the familiar trope of the dangers of modern civilized life and sympathy theory to explain women's health, and especially white women's vulnerable bodies and reproductive suffering in contrast to the relative absence of such weakness in black women.

Population structure, growth rates and spatial distribution of two dioecious tree species in a wet forest in Puerto Rico

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimena Forero-Montaña ◽  
Jess K. Zimmerman ◽  
Jill Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Life History ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Reproductive Costs ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract:Dioecious plants often exhibit male-biased sex ratios and sexual differences in life history traits such as plant size, growth rate and frequency of flowering, which arise from the different costs of reproduction for male and female plants. In tropical dioecious species sexual differences in reproductive costs have been demonstrated for several subcanopy species, but few canopy dioecious trees have been studied. We recorded the sexual expression of c. 2600 trees of Cecropia schreberiana and Dacryodes excelsa, two canopy dioecious species, during several censuses over 2 y in a 16-ha plot located in ‘subtropical wet forest’ in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. There were similar numbers of male and female trees of C. schreberiana but D. excelsa had a female-biased population. Cecropia schreberiana showed no differences in male and female diameter distributions or growth rates, suggesting that reproductive maturation and longevity are similar for both sexes. This lack of differences in size and growth rate in C. schreberiana may result from mechanisms to compensate for the higher cost of reproduction in females, no resource limitation related to its pioneer life-history, or similar male and female reproductive costs. In contrast, D. excelsa males were larger than females, probably because males grow slightly faster than females. This sexual difference in D. excelsa may reflect a higher cost of reproduction in females than in males. Spatial segregation of males and females into different habitats is not common in tropical forest and neither C. schreberiana nor D. excelsa males and females exhibited significant spatial segregation. The contrasting results for these two canopy species reflect their different life history strategies in this hurricane-affected forest.

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