Alternatieven en ervaringen met de integratie van bestuur in grootstedelijke gebieden

Res Publica ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 675-682
Author(s):  
Johannes B.A. Van Laarhoven

The establishment of cooperative links on a voluntary basis did not seem to be adequate for the administration in large urban agglomerations.  These links are often lacking in actual administrative power, and they can be reduced to the sum of the municipal interests. Large-scale amalgamation of municipalities does not seem to be a solution when one considers the developments and prevailing attitudes in a few Western European countries.  Because of the lack of an integral framework, legally based agglomeration administrations have been created in a number of these countries.They are extra, often complicating administrative levels. The existing administrative levels can often suffice with a balanced redistribution of administrative tasks. Territorial adjustments must be based primarily on functional considerations, but must also be translated in terms of the other administrative levels. A functional redistribution of tasks is, therefore, a condition for a specific solution of the total administrative problem.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Virve Marionneau ◽  
Matilda Hellman

Finland has one of the last fully monopolistic gambling sectors in Europe. Unlike in most Western European countries, the monopoly is also consolidated and enjoys a wide support as opposed to license-based competition. This paper analyses whether this preference for monopoly provision is due to the particularities of the Finnish society or rather to those of the Finnish gambling sector. We do this by comparing public discourses in media texts (N=143) from 2014 to 2017 regarding monopolies operating in alcohol retail, rail traffic and gambling sectors. The results show that gambling appears to be special even in the Finnish national context. While the Finnish alcohol retail and railroad traffic markets have been liberalised during the study period, the gambling monopoly has been concurrently strengthened despite similar political and international pressures towards dismantling. The discussion suggests that the differing outcomes reflect the varying positions of monopolies, their stakeholders and the justifications put forward. Intertwined stakeholder interests in the gambling sector appear to amplify consensus politics and set gambling apart from the other cases.


2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bréchon ◽  
Roland J. Campiche

The principal explanations of contemporary religious change face two main difficulties. On the one hand, they often fail to express the complexity of the ongoing evolution, because they are too focused on institutional religion, e.g. secularization. On the other hand, some of them favour fashionable themes (the growth of individualism, the privatization of religion) and skirt the societal impact of religion. The idea of dualism allows a combined approach to the process of religious de-institutionalization and the new patterns of its regulation. The authors discuss this theory on the basis of data relating to Switzerland, France and other Western European countries (EVS, ISSP). In spite of the difficulty of finding relevant indicators that allow proper comparison, the results are promising. They invite further critical analysis of current definitions. The theory of dualism allows us to reopen the debate on religious change.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Kotrba ◽  

This paper aims to answer the question of whether fans discriminate against foreign athletes. It uses data from the fantasy sports environment. The sample consists of 11 rounds in the football competition in Czechia during the 2015–2016 season. A total of 8,036 people participated in the game, and they completed a total of 53,951 squads. The final dataset consists of 3,741 observations of a specific footballer in a single round. The results show that Czech fantasy sports users prefer domestic players. The influence of the players’ origin varies depending on the region they are from. The results show that Asian and Eastern European countries, namely Croatia, Serbia, and Slovakia, present a negative influence. On the other hand, Czechs prefer players from South America and Russia. In the case of African and Western European countries, the influence is insignificant in the models. Performance, however, influences the demand for athletes the most.


Author(s):  
A. Nevskaya

The article deals with the current performance and the latest developments of higher education in small and medium Western European countries. It uncovers the core trends on the international higher education market, defines small countries’ place and role in it. It is argued that there is no direct correlation between the size of economy, country’s geography, language spoken, on the one hand, and the share of international enrolments and higher education system’s general performance, on the other hand. However, there are some special moments about the way small developed countries build in their higher education in the global market. The article deals with the Dutch higher education system as a typical case for Western European small countries. It is concluded that the most beneficial category of students for this country are those from non-EEA countries, focusing in several specific areas of the country’s international specialization. A system of measures is being taken to attract such students and to prevent huge number of enrolments from the rest of developing world. This is the way the Netherlands preserve and improve the excellent quality of domestic educational services (which is right for the rest of small Western European countries as well). The group of countries under consideration is also known for their high level of involvement in all kinds of international cooperation in tertiary education. This allows them, on one hand, to further improve the quality of services, and, on the other hand, to minimize the costs of stuff needed for research and innovation. This paper’s findings might be used for further research in this area and taken into consideration by the local authorities dealing with Russian educational system improvement and including it in the global market of education, research and innovation.


1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Compernolle

SummaryAn inquiry among the 150 participating trainees and trainers from 24 European countries (mainly from Western European countries), at the Annual EFPT Symposium revealed that in most countries live supervision and observation are not used in training. To make matters even worse, psychiatry trainees hardly get any supervision at all. About one third of the participants never observed a senior psychiatrist in interaction with a patient during the course of their training. Half of the participants were never observed while interacting with a patient during the course of their training. The author elaborates on five of the reasons why live supervision and observation are indispensable tools for training psychiatrists. He concludes that it is unethical to permit trainees to become psychiatrists without this kind of training. For psychiatry to become a profession earning more respect from the other medical professionals and the general public, it is necessary that senior psychiatrists pay more respect to their own profession by giving trainees an adequate training in the craftsmanship of psychiatry.


2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hill

Over the course of the last hundred and fifty years or so the general trend in the laws of Western European countries has been, first, to make provision for judicial divorce and, second, to make it easier for parties to a marriage which has broken down to obtain such a divorce. This coupled with increased mobility has added to the significance of the law relating to the recognition of foreign divorces. The law's essential task is to strike the right balance between, on the one hand, being too restrictive, thereby creating “limping” marriages (i.e., marriages which are valid in one or more countries, but not others) and, on the other, being too generous, thereby sanctioning “quickie” divorces or divorces of convenience.1


1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
Michael van Beinum

In the mid-1970s the Permanent Working Group (PWG) of European Hospital Doctors was formed when it became apparent that junior doctors in different European countries shared many common problems and experiences. The PWG now represents 17 national organisations of junior hospital doctors and is recognised by European institutions such as the European Commission; British doctors are represented by the British Medical Association. The PWG organised a conference in Maastricht in the Netherlands in 1982 bringing together politicians, planners and the medical profession to try to plan the future supply of doctors to match the anticipated demands for services at a time when large-scale unemployment was beginning to appear in a number of western European countries. From this developed a major study of medical manpower in western European countries which formed the core of a conference on ‘Medical Manpower in Europe: from surplus to deficit?’ on 31 October 1991, hosted by the PWG in Florence. Europe in this context was defined as the member states of the EEC and EFTA.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Dr. Faiz Muhammad Shaikh ◽  
Ali Raza Memon ◽  
Kashaf Shaikh

The current research investigated the COVID-19 is spread vigorously in China, USA, France, Italy, Germany, and European countries and Iran Pakistan being as a neighbor country of china & IranOne was for the incoming Pakistani from various countries, such as Iran, China, Afghanistan, and India. The other was arranged inside various hospitals for COVID-19 positive cases. As hundreds and thousands of Pakistani were in Iran for religious purposes, they were. Most of the students and businessmen, inside China, were not allowed to come back. Handling of large scale influx from Iran was the main problem. Out of the total COVID-19 cases, 78 percent of cases were reported from visitors coming from Iran. Pakistan announced the closure of all schools, colleges & universities with a partial lockdown across the country for major cities.


1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Solinger

There is an uncanny similarity between regulations on merchant activity in various medieval Western European countries, on the one hand, and, on the other, those in the People's Republic of China (PRC) just after its institution (see Appendix). My discovery of this resemblance informed the research on which this paper is based and directed my attention to some crucial relationships in the interaction between commerce and state at a certain level of economic development. The presence of similar regulations in these societies had to point to (1) like activities going on in them all, along with (2) governmental disapproval of these activities. Thus, a preliminary look at materials on Europe led to new insights into the Chinese situation.


Author(s):  
Ákos Huszár ◽  
Katalin Füzér

This article investigates the changing relationship of class and the living conditions of individuals in Hungary in comparison with other European countries. Our central question is to what extent class position determines the material living conditions of individuals in Hungary, how this relationship has changed, and how significant it is compared to other European countries. Our analysis is a direct test of the death-of-class thesis in one of the core fields of class analysis. Our results show that there has been a rapid and large-scale restructuring of Hungarian society after 2010, with two notable tendencies. The first is an overall improvement of material living conditions at all levels of the class structure, the other is the gradual solidification and polarisation of class structure.


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