"België erkent geen regeringen, enkel staten" : Het geval Cambodja 1979-1991

Res Publica ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-302
Author(s):  
Marc Maes
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Khmer Rouge ◽  
National Council ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
The Us ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Many ◽  
Legal Grounds

Since 1965 Belgian has stopped recognizing governments confining itself to the recognition of states only and maintaining diplomatie relations with the recognized states through wathever government able of exercising effective controle of those states' territory. Nota single exception to this doctrine was made untill 1979.In 1979 however Belgium refused to recognize the government installed in Phnom Penh following the Vietnamese intervention. One year later it also stopped recognizing the Khmer Rouge. In the UN however Belgium went on to accept the Khmer Rouge delegation as the representatives of Cambodia, a state thus being represented by a delegation accredited by an entity that Belgium did not consider to be a government. This contradiction was maintained untill present since neither the coalition between the Khmer Rouge, Sihanouk and Son Sann (created in 1982) nor the Supreme National Council (created in 1990) were regarded by Belgium as governments.The article reconstructs the Belgium position out of the many statements and arguments the government bas put forward in the UN and the Belgian Parliament.  The Belgian position is than examined in the light of international law, its own recognition doctrine and the international and domestic political context.This led to the conclusion that the legal grounds for the Belgian policy were rather weak and that its position almost completly differred from its traditional doctrine. In the Cambodian case however political considerations appeared to have prevailed Belgium chose to join the US, China and Asean and manoeuvred as to follow them in their condemnation of the Vietnamese intervention. Acting even as one of the most faithfull followers of the Asean policy towards Cambodia, Belgium enjoyed the improvement of its own relations with Asean, also in the commercial field.The continuous domestic opposition in and out of the Parliament was not able to change this policy. Even the present Minister of Foreign Alf airs who declared to be inclined to adjust the Belgian position had to hold back in order not to affect the esthablised relations.

Law and contestation in international negotiations

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 672-690
Author(s):  
Kyle Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legal Grounds

AbstractWhat is the role of rhetoric and argumentation in international relations? Some argue that it is little more than ‘cheap talk’, while others say that it may play a role in persuasion or coordination. However, why states deploy certain arguments, and why these arguments succeed or fail, is less well understood. I argue that, in international negotiations, certain types of legal frames are particularly useful for creating winning arguments. When a state bases its arguments on constitutive legal claims, opponents are more likely to become trapped by the law: unable to develop sustainable rebuttals or advance their preferred policy. To evaluate this theory, I apply qualitative discourse analysis to the US arguments on the crime of aggression at the Kampala Review Conference of the International Criminal Court – where the US advanced numerous arguments intended to reshape the crime to align with US interests. The analysis supports the theoretical propositions – arguments framed on codified legal grounds had greater success, while arguments framed on more political grounds were less sustainable, failing to achieve the desired outcomes. These findings further develop our understanding of the use of international law in rhetoric, argumentation, and negotiation.

Basic U. S. Sources For Current Research In International Law: An Elementary Vade-Mecum

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolf Sprudzs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
The U.S

Among the many old and new actors on the international stage of nations the United States is one of the most active and most important. The U.S. is a member of most existing intergovernmental organizations, participates in hundreds upon hundreds of international conferences and meetings every year and, in conducting her bilateral and multilateral relations with the other members of the community of nations, contributes very substantially to the development of contemporary international law. The Government of the United States has a policy of promptly informing the public about developments in its relations with other countries through a number of documentary publication, issued by the Department of State

The Perils of E-Governance: Impact of Trump’s Tweets within US-Pakistan Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Javed
Keyword(s):  
Peace Building ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The Us ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year

Theory of e-governance postulates the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering information, government services and transactions. It enhances efficiency and effectiveness in the government system through three main elements; improving government processes (e-administration); connecting citizens (e- citizens and e-services) and building external relations (e-society). The global political arena is witnessing an increasing number of leaders expressing their ideas, policies, and sentiments through social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp etc. In this vein, the US President Donald Trump stands out among most world leaders because of his excessive use of Twitter for the domestic as well as international relations,. Ever since taking over the office, President has handled thousands of tweets, with many of these influencing the US relations with foreign governments. To this end, this paper is an analysis of Trump‟s one year (June 2017 to June 2018) tweets, relating to Pakistan, and how they have affected the already deteriorating US-Pakistan relations and broader peace-building process within Pakistan

Justice 30 Years Later? The Cambodian Special Tribunal for the Punishment of Crimes against Humanity by the Khmer Rouge

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Form
Keyword(s):  
Khmer Rouge ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
The Us

After a two-year tug-of-war between the US, the UN, and Phnom Penh, the Cambodian government, supported by massive international intervention, brought some of those accused of committing Khmer Rouge atrocities to trial before an independent court. The atrocities, which verged on genocide, were perpetrated between 1975 and 1979. The plan was to create a special tribunal consisting of both indigenous and foreign judges to try the perpetrators. Newspapers from 2002 reported that the first indictment would be issued some time during that year. As we know today, this proved to be a rosily optimistic prediction.

Chikreng Rebellion: Coup and Its Aftermath in Democratic Kampuchea

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Margaret Slocomb
Keyword(s):  
Khmer Rouge ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Salvation ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Democratic Kampuchea

AbstractThe history of the regime of Democratic Kampuchea (DK) which ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 in the name of social revolution made on behalf of Cambodia's poor peasants has been researched and documented according to many sources. When the leaders of the counter-revolutionary Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, spearheaded by a massive force of the People's Army of Vietnam, took back the capital, Phnom Penh, on 7 January 1979, they captured official documents, particularly the forced confessions of thousands of political prisoners, which threw light on the nature of the regime and its catastrophic course after victory in April 1975. Other contemporary sources included monitored radio broadcasts of the regime, the dossiers of Khmer Rouge defectors to Thailand compiled by the US State Department, and the rich vein of information provided to western scholars of Cambodian history by refugees in the Thai camps and in other countries which received them after 1979.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Potential Gender Differences in the Discipline of Nurse Anesthetists

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jedidiah Kane
Keyword(s):  
Minority Group ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Nurse Anesthetists ◽  
National Council ◽  
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Government Websites ◽  
The Government ◽  
Council Of State

Great diversity exists in the US population, therefore the US Department of Health and Human Services [HHS] has called for increased diversity among healthcare professionals as a means of improving public health outcomes. Males are consistently a minority group within the nursing profession and are disproportionately disciplined. The disproportionate discipline of male nurses and the loss of licensure often resulting from censure may have an impact on efforts to diversify the nursing sector of healthcare. Among certified registered nurse anesthetists [CRNAs], the ratio of males to females is more equal and little data exists examining the characteristics of disciplined CRNAs. The purpose of this study was to describe formal licensure discipline against CRNAs practicing in select states during a 33-year period (1983-2017). This descriptive study is a retrospective cohort study involving secondary data analysis of public records information. Disciplinary list data was generated via the database tools accessible on the government websites provided by each state department of health and/or BON. The disciplinary list data was then cross-referenced against the Nursys database maintained by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) for greater detail and analysis. Of the CRNA licenses in the sample (n=4401), the rate of sanction was 1.20% (n=53). Males (n=26) were disciplined more often than women (n=27) at a ratio of 1.6:1. CRNAs in this study were six times more likely to commit an infraction related to substance abuse than any other single infraction type at 66% (n=35). Loss of licensure in some form resulted in approximately 51% (n=27) of cases.

scholarly journals Community Participation in Providing Information on Circumstances, Needs and Attitudes in Preparation District Government Annual Work Plan (DGAWP) Sekadau Regency West Kalimantan Province in 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martoyo Martoyo ◽  
Bima Sujendra
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Work Plan ◽  
Government Work ◽  
District Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Many

The local government work plan is a translation of the medium-term regional development plan for a period of 1 (one) year. In the process, however, the regional government of the Sekadau Regency was able to accept only a small part of the community's proposals when drafting. The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze how community participation in the preparation of the Sekadau Regional Government Work Plan in West Kalimantan Province in 2019. The research method used in this study was a qualitative method. The results of the participation of the Sekadau Regency community in providing information on conditions, needs and attitudes in the preparation of the Sekadau regency local government work plan in 2019 have not received a good response from the government, as shown by the many community proposals, but the The community still does not know whether the proposal has been accepted or not accepted by the government. The conclusion of this study is the participation of the Sekadau Regency community in the preparation of the Sekadau Regency local government work plan in 2019, which has not yet received a good response.

The Scope and Content of Section 75(1)(a) of the Zimbabwean Constitution: An International Law Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiedza Simbo
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Education System ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
The State ◽  
Education Act ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Basic Education System

Despite the recent enactment of the Zimbabwean Constitution which provides for the right to basic education, complaints, reminiscent of a failed basic education system, have marred the education system in Zimbabwe. Notwithstanding glaring violations of the right to basic education by the government, no person has taken the government to court for failure to comply with its section 75(1)(a) constitutional obligations, and neither has the government conceded any failures or wrongdoings. Two ultimate questions arise: Does the state know what compliance with section 75(1)(a) entails? And do the citizens know the scope and content of their rights as provided for by section 75(1)(a) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe? Whilst it is progressive that the Education Act of Zimbabwe as amended in 2020 has addressed some aspects relating to section 75(1)(a) of the Constitution, it has still not provided an international law compliant scope and content of the right to basic education neither have any clarifications been provided by the courts. Using an international law approach, this article suggests what the scope and content of section 75(1)(a) might be.

Public Investment Criteria: Benefit-Cost Analysis for Planned Economic Growth by Stephen A. Marglin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.103. 22s. 6d.********** Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-420
Author(s):  
Arthur MacEwan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Capacity Expansion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
Benefit Cost

These books are numbers 4 and 5, respectively, in the series "Studies in the Economic Development of India". The two books are interesting complements to one another, both being concerned with the analysis of projects within national plan formulation. However, they treat different sorts of problems and do so on very different levels. Marglin's Public Investment Criteria is a short treatise on the problems of cost-benefit analysis in an Indian type economy, i.e., a mixed economy in which the government accepts a large planning responsibility. The book, which is wholely theoretical, explains the many criteria needed for evaluation of projects. The work is aimed at beginning students and government officials with some training in economics. It is a clear and interesting "introduction to the special branch of economics that concerns itself with systematic analysis of investment alternatives from the point of view of a government".

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