Gender issue in modern education: Theory and practice

So far, gender inequality in education has been considered in the context of inequality in women’s access to technical specialties, the impact of education on the fertility rate and wages of women, the impact of religious, cultural, social-economic values on women’s education level. However, this concept does little to explain the gender imbalance and low quality of human capital in an environment where women have the opportunity to be educated in any field of knowledge through a feminization in the European countries. The research methodology is based on the correlation analysis of indicators of gender equality in education in Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine for 1991-2018. The purpose of the study is to identify the trends and dynamics of gender changes in education, the level of gender inequality and establish the causes and effects of gender asymmetry in some European countries. To evaluate gender equality in education, we used the Gender Parity Index. The results of correlation analysis prove the presence of a direct connection between the level of fertility and the Gender Parity Index in the field of primary and higher education, while in the field of secondary education-reverse. Such tendencies are inherent in almost all countries of Europe. The analysis of indicators characterizing the level of education of women within the Eurozone countries shows the decisive role of the structure of the economy and the needs of the labor market in specialists with digital skills and mental abilities. The structure of the economy and the efficiency of various sectors ensure the reduction of gender inequality in education, contributing to overall economic growth and GDP per capita. Political institutions and national policies indirectly influence gender inequality in education by regulating the development of sectors of the economy with different levels of female employment. The proposed paradigm of gender inequality is based on the crucial role of skills, competencies, and abilities regardless of gender. The gender imbalance has been overcome in countries with a high level of women’s competence. Competence is a new paradigm in overcoming gender inequality.

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Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Comparative Perspective

10.1093/oso/9780198788553.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Comparative Literature ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Women's Rights ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Muslim Countries ◽

And Gender ◽

Shed Light

This volume reframes the debate around Islam and women’s rights within a broader comparative literature. It examines the complex and contingent historical relationships between religion, secularism, democracy, law, and gender equality. Part I addresses the nexus of religion, law, gender, and democracy through different disciplinary perspectives (sociology, anthropology, political science, law). Part II localizes the implementation of this nexus between law, gender, and democracy, and provides contextualized responses to questions raised in Part I. The contributors explore the situation of Muslim women’s rights vis-à-vis human rights to shed light on gender politics in the modernization of the nation and to ponder over the role of Islam in gender inequality across different Muslim countries.

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Moving from problems to solutions: A review of gender equality interventions at work using an ecological systems approach

10.31234/osf.io/cy63n ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vienne Wing-yan Lau ◽

Veronica Scott ◽

Meg Aum Warren ◽

Michelle Bligh

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Ecological Systems ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Feminist Literature ◽

Gender Parity ◽

Future Research Directions

Despite the mounting research on gender inequality in the workplace, progress toward gender parity in organizational practice has stalled. We suggest that one reason for the lack of progress is that empirical research has predominately focused on the antecedents and manifestations of gender inequality in the workplace, paying inadequate attention to the solutions that could potentially improve gender equality and women’s experiences at work. Indeed, we report here that less than 5% of the relevant studies published in preeminent management, psychology, and diversity journals since the turn of the century identify practical interventions for solving gender inequality in organizations. To advance gender equality at work, we argue that a paradigm shift from problem to solution is critical and urgent. Using ecological systems theory (EST; Bronfenbrenner, 1977) as our guiding framework, we present an integrative review of gender equality interventions spanning across the management, psychology, and feminist literature over the past two decades at the ontogenic system, interpersonal microsystem, and organizational microsystem levels of analysis. We subsequently provide an overview of domains not currently addressed in extant research – meso-, macro-, and chronosystems – and identify future research directions to spur progress towards workplace gender equality.

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Gender discrimination, victimisation and women's mental health

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.2018.244 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 213 (6) ◽

pp. 682-684

Author(s):

Georgina M. Hosang ◽

Kamaldeep Bhui

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

British Journal ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Conflict Of Interest ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Women’S Mental Health ◽

Women's Mental Health ◽

The Impact

SummaryGender inequality and discrimination, as well as violence and victimisation towards women, have recently hit the headlines creating a media furore. We provide a timely discussion surrounding the impact of these issues on women's mental health and a discussion of the role of psychiatry in this context.Declaration of interestK.B. is the editor for the British Journal of Psychiatry but has not played a role in the decision to accept this editorial for publication in this journal. G.H. has no conflict of interest to declare.

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FINANCIAL PROVISION OF THE PENSION SYSTEM IN THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND UKRAINE UNDER GLOBALIZATION

Science and Studies of Accounting and Finance Problems and Perspectives ◽

10.15544/ssaf.2012.10 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

Tetiana Ivashchenko

Keyword(s):

Pension System ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Financial Economic ◽

European Countries ◽

Pension Insurance ◽

Pension Systems ◽

The Social ◽

System Functioning ◽

The Impact

The most contradictions arise today over the pension system reforming. Each year the states spent significant resources to finance social and economic needs of the population. The positive effect of the nominal growth of the social and economic guarantees in Ukraine leveled nowadays in terms of financial, economic and political instability. Also the processes of depopulation have a very negative impact on the financial viability of the PAYG pension system. Given this, the research aim was to study and discuss tendencies in financial provision of the pension systems in the European countries and Ukraine under globalization. As a result in the process of research the main features of functioning and providing of the pension insurance systems in European countries and Ukraine were examined; the impact of the depopulation processes on the financial provision of the pension systems was determined; problems, related to introduction of the funded system of pension insurance were analyzed; the role of the minimum pension institute in provision of the effective pension system functioning was disclosed and recommendations in relation to optimization of pension insurance and providing сo-operation under globalization were developed.

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PERSEPSI PEMUKA AGAMA TERHADAP BIAS GENDER DITINJAU DARI LATAR BELAKANG SUKU

Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies ◽

10.30821/jcims.v1i1.321 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dahlia Lubis

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Group ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Studies ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Field Studies ◽

Research Data ◽

Religious Leaders ◽

Muslim Community

Abstrak: keberadaan berbagai kajian dan literatur tentang gender tidak serta merta merubah pandangan masyarakat tentang keadilan gender. Sebab, kajian gender tetapi memiliki pendukung dan penentang. Ada pendapat bahwa kajian gender berupaya merubah ajaran agama itu sendiri. Dalam kajian gender selama ini, ditemukan banyak pihak yang ikut berkontribusi bagi muncul dan berkembangnya paham yang bias gender dalam masyarakat Muslim, khususnya di Indonesia. Di antara pihak yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kelestarian paham yang diskriminatif terhadap perempuan adalah para pemuka agama yang diwakili oleh para ustaz dan ustazah dimana mereka memainkan peran sebagai penyampai ajaran agama kepada masyarakat Muslim. Artikel ini mengkaji pandangan para ustaz dan ustazah terhadap ketidakadilan gender yang dilihat dari latar belakang suku masing-masing, sehingga akan terungkap perihal adakah kaitan antara latar belakang suku seorang ustaz dan ustazah terhadap persepsi mereka tentang ketidakadilan gender. Didasari oleh studi lapangan, dimana data penelitian diperoleh dari angket dan wawancara, kajian ini menemukan bahwa masih ditemukannya pemahaman bias gender dalam persepsi ustaz dan ustazah di kota Medan. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi kajian gender di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: ustaz, ustazah, ketidakadilan, gender, suku Abstract: The Perception of Islamic Preachers about Gender Bias Reviewed From Ethnic Group Backgrounds. The existence of various studies and literature on gender does not automatically change the society's opinion about gender equality. As such, supporters and opponents of the idea are readily found. One opinion goes as far as saying that gender studies try to alter the teachings of religion itself. In the gender studies has been found that many contributed to the emergence and development of gender biased ideology in Muslim societies, especially in Indonesia. Among those responsible to discriminatory preservation of women are religious leaders who are represented by ustaz and ustazah where they play the role of religious teachings to the Muslim community. This article examines the opinions of ustaz and ustazah on gender inequality realized from the background of each ethnic group, so it will be revealed about whether there is a link between ethnic background of an ustaz and ustazah to their perception of gender injustice. Based on field studies, where the research data was obtained from questionnaires and interviews, this study found that there is an understanding of gender bias in ustaz and ustazah perceptions in Medan city. This study is expected to contribute to gender studies in Indonesia. Keywords: ustaz, ustazah, injustice, gender, ethnic group

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Introduction: meeting future challenges with past lessons

Did the Millennium Development Goals Work? ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447335702.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Leah McMillan Polonenko ◽

Hany Besada

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

United Nations ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Development Agenda ◽

Poverty And Inequality ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Development Goals ◽

The Impact

This book examines the progress, challenges and lessons of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs were adopted during the 2000 Millennium Summit of the United Nations to address the various dimensions of poverty such as hunger, disease, and exclusion while promoting gender equality, education and environmental sustainability. The book considers whether the MDGs were effective in transforming the narrative around poverty and its many dimensions through multilateral organisations, identifying what worked and what needs to change in the context of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It also discusses the changing nature of poverty and inequality as well as the role of state and increasingly non-state actors, including civil society groups, in shaping the debate around accountability, progress and inclusiveness. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of globalisation on the MDGs, criticisms of the MDGs, and the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It also explains the purpose and plan for the book.

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Gender Inequality and Symbolic Violence in Women’s Access to Family Land in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

Land ◽

10.3390/land9110468 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 468 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Justin Lusasi ◽

Dismas Mwaseba

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Land Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Tree Planting ◽

Symbolic Violence ◽

Family Land ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Laws And Regulations

We set out to unveil gender inequality with respect to women’s access to family land following the surge in tree-planting in selected villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Specifically, the study describes land-transaction procedures at the household level and shows how the lack of women’s involvement in such land transactions affect their access to and control over family lands. Gender inequality is portrayed in a variety of social and economic activities, with women being deprived of access to, control over, and ownership of land. Although the current land laws address gender inequalities pertaining to women’s access to, ownership of, and control over land, the impact of such reforms has been minimal. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic violence, we reveal how women suffer symbolic violence through traditional practices of land management and administration. Societies in the studied villages are strongly patriarchal, with men being dominant and women subordinate. In such a patriarchal system, women’s empowerment is urgent. Women require knowledge and awareness of the laws and regulations that affirm their rights not only to family lands, but also to participation in decision-making processes regarding family assets. We recommend non-oppressive approaches to natural-resource management. As such, we call for existing authorities at the village and district levels, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and legal bodies to promote gender equality in land-management practices. We also advocate dialectical communication between women and men in order to reveal and heal practices of symbolic violence, and enhance gender equality in respect of access to land and its control and ownership in villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Effective implementation of existing land laws and regulations that address gender inequality and associated violence is unavoidable.

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New Modes of Reproducing Social Inequality in Education: The Changing Role of Parents, Teachers, Schools and Educational Policies

European Educational Research Journal ◽

10.2304/eerj.2005.4.3.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 155-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Agnès Van Zanten

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Sociology Of Education ◽

European Countries ◽

Educational Trajectories ◽

Inequality In Education ◽

Role Of Parents ◽

Post War ◽

Changing Role ◽

Recent Policy

This article is based on the Keynote Address to the European Conference on Educational Research (ECER), Crete, Greece, 21–25 September 2004. One of the most consistent results in sociology of education research has been the existence of inequalities in school results and educational trajectories related to social factors. Despite an important increase in number of years of schooling for all children in most European countries in the post-war period, research still shows important differences between social and ethnic groups and even a widening of the gap between the most advantaged and most disadvantaged in some countries. Factors shown by previous studies to account for these differences are still at work, but many of them are influential in new ways. In addition to this, new factors have to be taken into account. Using available sociological literature on European countries, while focusing specifically on France as an exemplary case, this article presents some of the new constraints on and opportunities for action by parents, teachers and schools that result from both economic, cultural and educational changes and recent policy orientations.

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Global Megatrends and the Macroeconomics of Gender

The Oxford Handbook of Structural Transformation ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793847.013.18 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 417-435

Author(s):

Kalpana Kochhar ◽

Sonali Jain-Chandra ◽

Monique Newiak

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Equity ◽

Technological Progress ◽

Economic Diversification ◽

Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽

Demographic Shifts ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

This chapter examines global megatrends such as demographic shifts, technological progress, globalization, and climate change and emphasizes the important role of gender equality in mitigating their adverse consequences. The chapter first discusses demographic change, globalization, technological progress, and climate change before explaining how the main challenges posed by these megatrends could be offset by increasing gender equality, providing more equal access to economic opportunities for women, and boosting female economic participation. In particular, it considers ways of mitigating the impact of population ageing, harnessing urbanization for growth and gender equity, catalysing change to reduce income inequality, accelerating economic diversification, and mitigating vulnerability to climate change. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of policy options for mitigating the risks posed by megatrends through gender equality, such as unleashing fiscal policy, easing the burden of non-market work, and removing legal discrimination against women.

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