Cognitive Strategies as a Dependent Variable in Media Research

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Che-Tsao Huang

Although the need to investigate the cognitive processes by media research was recognized as early as 1961, there has been hardly any such attempt. The lack of experimental techniques by which the “black box” can be reached is probably responsible for the lack of research attention. This experiment employs a technique called blank trial to investigate cognitive strategies used by S in solving problems presented by slide. It is assumed that this technique may systematically investigate and presumably externalize cognitive processes.

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayu Zhai ◽  
Ping Song ◽  
Xiaoxiao Chen

The photonic mixer device (PMD) solid-state array lidar, as a three-dimensional imaging technology, has attracted research attention in recent years because of its low cost, high frame rate, and high reliability. To address the disadvantages of traditional PMD solid-state array lidar calibration methods, including low calibration efficiency and accuracy, and serious human error factors, this paper first proposes a calibration method for an array complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor photodetector using a black-box calibration device and an electrical analog delay method; it then proposes a modular lens distortion correction method based on checkerboard calibration and pixel point adaptive interpolation optimization. Specifically, the ranging error source is analyzed based on the PMD solid-state array lidar imaging mechanism; the black-box calibration device is specifically designed for the calibration requirements of anti-ambient light and an echo reflection route; a dynamic distance simulation system integrating the laser emission unit, laser receiving unit, and delay control unit is designed to calibrate the photodetector echo demodulation; the checkerboard calibration method is used to correct external lens distortion in grayscale mode; and the pixel adaptive interpolation strategy is used to reduce distortion of distance images. Through analysis of the calibration process and results, the proposed method effectively reduces the calibration scene requirements and human factors, meets the needs of different users of the lens, and improves both calibration efficiency and measurement accuracy.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Fareed Hameed Al-Hindawi ◽  
Nesaem Mehdi Al-Aadili

Language is used for influencing people. Various means, whether honest or dishonest, are appealed to for achieving this purpose. This means that people fulfill their goals either through telling their interlocutors the truth or through deceiving and misleading them. In this regard, deception is a key aspect of many strategic interactions including bargaining, military operations, and politics. However, in spite of the importance of this topic, it has not been pragmatically given enough research attention particularly in politics. Thus, this study sets itself the task of dealing with this issue in this genre from a pragmatic perspective. Precisely, the current work attempts to answer the following question: What is the pragmatics of deception in American presidential electoral speeches? Pragmatics, here, involves the speech acts used to issue deceptive utterances, deceptive strategies resulting in the violation of Grice's maxims, as well as cognitive strategies.In other words, this study aims at finding out the answer to the question raised above. In accordance with this aim, it is hypothesized that American presidential candidates use certain deceptive/misleading strategies to achieve their goals. In this regard, they utilize certain strategies which violate Grice's maxims such as ostensible promise, equivocation, fabrication, and dissociation. Moreover, they make use of certain cognitive strategies like: metaphor, presupposition, and positive self-representation/ negative other representation.In order to achieve the aim of the study and verify or reject its hypothesis, a model is developed for the analysis of the data under examination. Besides, a statistical means represented by the percentage equation is used to calculate the results. The most important finding arrived at by this study is that American presidential candidates most often resort to the strategies of giving an ostensible promise, equivocation, presupposition, and positive self/negative other representation to fulfill their goals.


2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1414-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsbeth F. Taminiau-Bloem ◽  
Florence J. Van Zuuren ◽  
Mechteld R.M. Visser ◽  
Carol Tishelman ◽  
Carolyn E. Schwartz ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
THORA TENBRINK

abstractThis paper offers the first general introduction to CODA (Cognitive Discourse Analysis), a methodology for analyzing verbal protocols and other types of unconstrained language use, as a resource for researchers interested in mental representations and high-level cognitive processes. CODA can be used to investigate verbalizations of perceived scenes and events, spatio-temporal concepts, complex cognitive processes such as problem-solving and cognitive strategies and heuristics, and other concepts that are accessible for verbalization. CODA builds on and extends relevant established methodologies such as cognitive linguistic perspectives, verbal protocol analysis in cognitive psychology and interdisciplinary content analysis, linguistic discourse analysis, and psycholinguistic experimentation.


Author(s):  
Greig I. de Zubicaray ◽  
Vitória Piai

The cognitive processes and neural mechanisms supporting language production have received considerably less research attention than those involved in language comprehension. This situation is partly attributable to the methodological challenges involved in acquiring electrophysiological and neuroimaging data during overt speech. However, current knowledge is increasing with the addition of lesion-symptom mapping studies in patients, and the application of novel brain-stimulation technologies. This chapter reviews findings from a range of studies investigating the spatial and temporal components of speech production in patients and healthy participants, with a particular emphasis on those employing psycholinguistic paradigms to identify and characterize core processes and components of the network involved in retrieving words from the mental lexicon.


Author(s):  
Cheryl K. Stenmark ◽  
Robert Miller

The present project modified an existing ethics intervention aimed at graduate students, which had previously been evaluated and determined to be effective. The existing program was modified to shorten it from a 2 full-day training to a 1 full-day training. The effectiveness of the modified training program was evaluated using multiple dependent measures: perceptions of ethical dilemmas, ethical decision making and the using of cognitive strategies for ethical decision making, and reactions to the training. The results of the present study indicated that there were significant differences from pretraining to posttraining on measures of perceptions of ethical problems and markers of the cognitive processes involved in ethical decision making, including a focus on the ethical elements of the problem, and overall decision ethicality. Finally, participants reacted favorably to the program. Implications of these results are discussed.


New Sound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-117
Author(s):  
Blanka Bogunović

In this paper we presented an overview of theoretical and empirical research in a domain of cognitive psychology of music, psychology of creativity and interdisciplinary studies concerning the creative cognitive processes in composing music, with an intention to bring them into connection and to raise questions about further research. We brought into focus the cognitive processes in composing music since the key role of cognitive mechanisms and processes, next to the emotional experience and imagery, was shown in our previous research. The wide scope of knowledge, within a time span of some 35 years, was introduced covering the following themes - generative models of creative cognition, metacognitive strategies in composing, the relation between creativity, knowledge and novelty, creativity in the social-economical context. We paid attention to the several crucial theoretical models, some of them developed on the basis of exploration of compositional practices, one of the first being John Sloboda's psychological Model of typical compositional resources and processes (1985), that gave a global overview of the relevant components of the composing behavior. Psychology of creativity gave several process models that can be applied in a field of composing music. One of them, developed by Wallas (1926) and adapted for music making by Lehmann, Sloboda and Woody (2002), is the well-known theory of the creative process stages. We considered as the most prominent the Creative cognition approach formulated by Smith, Ward and Finke (1997) and their Geneplore model (1992). The authors listed a wide range of processes that are crucial for creativity, nevertheless they are engaged in the generative or exploratory phase. In our paper, we discussed metacognitive strategies engaged in a process of composing while considering music creation as a self-regulated activity. Further on, the relation between immersion, knowledge, the production of heuristic ideas and the cognitive strategies of problem solving were brought into focus. It was pointed out that quality of the creative outcomes will be influenced by the extent of the person's long-term knowledge structures, drawn intentionally or intuitively during the process, and by the manner in which the elements of that knowledge are accessed and combined. The social and cultural factors were considered in a frame of several confluent models, first of all Csikszentmihalyi's systems theory of creativity (2004), focused less on the creative person but on involving multiple factors. Simonton took into account massive and impersonal influences from the Zetgeist or Ortgeist and grouped them into four categories: cultural factors, societal factors, economic and political factors (2004). Further on, models and concepts, new research methodologies and new technology, that were developed specifically in a domain of music creation, as well as their results, were presented.


Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 493-497
Author(s):  
Macarena Nieto Romero ◽  
José Luis Chinchilla-Minguet ◽  
Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer cuáles son las estrategias cognitivas utilizadas por estudiantes bailarines pre-profesionales de Conservatorios Profesionales de Danza cuando tienen que solucionar problemas de índole psicológica antes, durante y al finalizar una actuación escénica o/y en una clase/ensayo. Se contó con una muestra de 125 bailarines/estudiantes pre-profesionales de los tres últimos cursos de enseñanzas profesionales de danza (cuarto, quinto y sexto), pertenecientes a las tres especialidades (danza clásica, danza española, baile flamenco) de los Conservatorios Profesionales de Danza de Córdoba, Sevilla y Málaga. El instrumento de recogida de información en esta primera fase ha sido el Cuestionario de Estrategias Cognitivas en Deportistas CEAD de Mora, García, Toro, & Zarco (2001), sobre el cual se sustituyeron términos propios del ámbito de la danza por los términos propios del campo del deporte. Los resultados del estudio nos permiten hallar conclusiones sobre los problemas cognitivos más destacados en bailarines de similares características a los estudiados y éstos poderse tener en cuenta en las etapas de formación y aprendizaje de los bailarines para poder presentar a bailarines/as en el ámbito laboral y profesional de la danza con estrategias de afrontamiento cognitivo óptimas para alcanzar el máximo rendimiento escénico.Abstract. The purpose of this research is to acknowledge the cognitive strategies used by dance students at pre-professional stages within professional Dance Conservatories when attempting to solve issues of psychological nature, during, before, and after the stage performance and/or rehearsal/classes. A sample of 125 pre-professional dance students currently enrolled in the last three academic years of professional dancing degrees (fourth, fifth, and sixth grade) belonging to the three disciplines (classical dance, Spanish dance, and flamenco dance) from the professional Dance Conservatories of Córdoba, Seville, and Malaga were recruited. The instrument employed for data collection in this first stage was the Cuestionario de Estrategias Cognitivas en Deportistas (CEAD; Mora, García, Toro, & Zarco, 2001), in which certain terms pertaining to the field of sports were substituted with specific dance terms. The outcomes of the research allow us to draw conclusions about the most remarkable cognitive issues in dancers with similar characteristics to those in our sample, and to take them into account in educational and learning stages so to provide such dancers, both in labor and professional environments, with optimal coping strategies for reaching the highest stage performances.


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