Do poor environmental conditions drive trachoma transmission in Burundi? A mathematical modelling study

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 434-447
Author(s):  
Desire Ndisabiye ◽  
Edward Waters ◽  
Russell Gore ◽  
Harvinder Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Environmental Improvement ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Improvement Factor ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Preventable Blindness

Trachoma is an infectious disease and it is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. To achieve its elimination, the World Health Organization set a goal of reducing the prevalence in endemic areas to less than 55% by 2020, utilizing the SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, environmental improvement) strategy. However, in Burundi, trachoma prevalences of greater than 55% are still reported in 11 districts and it is hypothesized that this is due to the poor implementation of the environmental improvement factor of the SAFE strategy. In this paper, a model based on an ordinary differential equation, which includes an environmental transmission component, is developed and analysed. The model is calibrated to recent field data and is used to estimate the reductions in trachoma that would have occurred if adequate environmental improvements were implemented in Burundi. Given the assumptions in the model, it is clear that environmental improvement should be considered as a key component of the SAFE strategy and, hence, it is crucial for eliminating trachoma in Burundi.  doi:10.1017/S1446181121000389

DO POOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DRIVE TRACHOMA TRANSMISSION IN BURUNDI? A MATHEMATICAL MODELLING STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
D. NDISABIYE ◽  
E. K. WATERS ◽  
R. GORE ◽  
H. SIDHU
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Environmental Improvement ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Improvement Factor ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Preventable Blindness

Abstract Trachoma is an infectious disease and it is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. To achieve its elimination, the World Health Organization set a goal of reducing the prevalence in endemic areas to less than $5$ % by 2020, utilizing the SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, environmental improvement) strategy. However, in Burundi, trachoma prevalences of greater than $5$ % are still reported in 11 districts and it is hypothesized that this is due to the poor implementation of the environmental improvement factor of the SAFE strategy. In this paper, a model based on an ordinary differential equation, which includes an environmental transmission component, is developed and analysed. The model is calibrated to recent field data and is used to estimate the reductions in trachoma that would have occurred if adequate environmental improvements were implemented in Burundi. Given the assumptions in the model, it is clear that environmental improvement should be considered as a key component of the SAFE strategy and, hence, it is crucial for eliminating trachoma in Burundi.

The Ethics of COVID-19 Vaccine Passports

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Joseph Meaney ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Divided Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

COVID-19 vaccine passports run the risk of creating a divided society where social privileges or restrictions based on “fitness” lead to discrimination based on immunization status. Individuals have a strong right to be free of coercion to take a COVID-19 vaccine, and we should be very leery of further invasion of private medical decisions. These concerns are shared both internationally and in the United States, and the World Health Organization, the Biden administration, and many US governors oppose COVID-19 vaccine credentials. In addition, regulations for COVID-19 vaccine credentials face practical barriers, including lack of access globally, especially among the poor; and lack of scientific data on the efficacy of these vaccines.

scholarly journals HAPPINESS FACING TO THE PERFIDIOUS AND INVISIBLE CHALLENGE OF COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol S.I. (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Alexandru Trifu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Field Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Infrastructure ◽  
Health Organization

In this study we are dealing with a new aspect of the problem in discussion that is the pursuing of Happiness, supported by institutions and regulations in the domain, but in moments of disturbances, in moments of crisis. We need to have goals, actions to be accomplished, in order to achieve the desired state of satisfaction or Happiness that anyone can have. We are in the presence of a double determination: the first one is represented by the material, especially money background, influencing the life and activities of households and entities and, the second one is represented by the reverse action that is of Happiness affecting the management and the activities of individuals, households and firms/organizations. The survey of the literature in the field, data from the World Health Organization, from the national authorities, analyses of the specialists in healthcare and economics, reports of the people in difficult health and economic situations are used in order to be able to synthesize the situation at this moment and possible forecasts regarding medical healing and economic recovery of the countries. Nothing is hard to manage, if you have knowledge, required abilities/skills to anticipate challenges or to make fast and right decisions, altogether at Micro and Macro-levels, in the benefit of all parts involved in. The huge interest is to reestablish the economies, mental health of people, i.e. the elements of a functional economic infrastructure.

Covid-19 Vaccine Benefits and Concerns: Nigerian Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olorunfemi Ayeotan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization reported 162,184,263 cases of COVID-19 and about 3,364,446 deaths globally with Nigeria statistics at 165,709 reported cases and 2,066 deaths as of May 16 2021. This increase in reported cases and deaths globally can be drastically reduced when significant number of the population of the world becomes vaccinated. Researchers have developed different COVID-19 vaccines in a bid to control the morbidity and mortality rate as well as mitigate disease severity. Popular concerns about the vaccine in Nigeria and Africa ranges from effectiveness and side effects, poor understanding of the virus, lack of trust in the government, fear of the vaccine being used as a bioweapon designed by advanced countries to reduce the population of the poor ones by causing infertility, and lack of appropriate infrastructure for safe storage of the vaccine. Howbeit, the vaccine has been proven to be safe and effective. Nationwide delivery and acceptance will confer herd immunity and curb the menace of drug resistance.

scholarly journals P113: The World Health Organization multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy - a successful experience in a pediatric hospital

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. P113
Author(s):  
AM Ribeiro ◽  
Francisca Nogueira Della Guardia ◽  
Virginia Ramos Sampaio ◽  
Rivânia Barros ◽  
Diana Maria da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Hand Hygiene Improvement ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

scholarly journals The world's view of the Corona pandemic and the way to deal with it: نظرة العالم إلى جائحة كورونا وأسلوب التّعامل معها

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amara Saad Chandoul, Widad Ali Zughir
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into

In this paper, the researcher stresses that the crisis of Corona, which the world has gone through and is still primarily a crisis of awareness in providing priorities. This predicts the emergence of serious economic and social problems that may afflict existing societies and systems, or arrange them in a worse way, as the foundations of justice in the world are broken. The researcher notes that the world around the pandemic is divided into three parts : The first part, whoever claims to be a true pandemic is a caution, and they are in two directions : The first one is for whoever thinks that the pandemic is natural and requires cooperation in finding a solution and complying with the provisions of the World Health Organization. The second concern whoever goes on to say that the pandemic is an effective act, and he has all the information about it and has to disclose and stop spreading it to protect humanity. The second part cover people who deny the seriousness of the pandemic and that it is just a conspiracy in preparation for the adoption of a new political system that rules the world, increases the servitude of the people and oppresses the poor, and they are in two directions: The first one, concern people who deny the existence of such a virus in the first place. The second, includes who acknowledges his existence and excludes his danger. The third part, is the part of persons holding that the existence of a pandemic or does not matter as much as it matters how to deal with it and with similar counterparts that are not literally dangerous to it, and the originality of their duty is to seek the assistance of the qualified and specialized, to provide the most important on the important and to present alternatives that prove sustainability as possible and possible. This is because the boasting of building hospitals in a short period was not accompanied by building laboratories to eradicate such a scourge and others that we live in and may be experienced by humanity in the future. The research concluded that it is necessary to not look into the existence or absence of the pandemic, but rather to look at how to deal with it and overcome it and its counterparts, without stopping people's lives or political exploitation of the crisis. It deals also to be careful in order that fear does not dominate us at the point of illusion, and to look with insight into what can carry conspiracy. The researcher adopted the inductive approach, by tracking people's opinions about COVID-19. The research also dealt with the descriptive approach, in presenting these opinions, in analyzing and clarifying their evidence, clarifying what is in, and discussing it.

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