scholarly journals Mid-Victorian England and Female Emancipation: Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Saman Ali Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Elizabeth Gaskell ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
North And South ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Class Distinction

One of the heated discussions of the Victorian era is female emancipation. In the heart of an industrial period when materialism, economic competition and public domain were dominated by men, women had the domestic sphere. The apparent difference between these two spheres was not tolerable for Elizabeth Gaskell and she critiqued it. Her novel North and South discusses the perceptions on women, the idea of industrialization, and class distinction in Victorian Era. Developing her main character Margaret Hale, Gaskell critiques her society and the mentality behind a perception of patriarchal and materialistic society. Gaskell develops her character on many different levels by giving her various roles especially in the industrial north. Valuing certain qualities women possess in the domestic level, Gaskell brings Margaret to the debates, businesses, factories, riots and public sphere of Milton. Gaskell presents the contemporary and Victorian readers with a different perception of women, their roles, and significance in the private and public spheres. 

scholarly journals ‘Frames of reference’ in Victorian England: What Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South reveals about perceptions of the employment relationship

2020 ◽  
pp. 002218562096051
Author(s):  
Michael Gold
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Elizabeth Gaskell ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

Alan Fox’s conceptualisation of ‘unitary’, ‘pluralistic’ and subsequently ‘radical’ frames of reference has been outstandingly influential in the analysis of industrial relations and human resource management since the 1960s. This article demonstrates, however, that these distinctions long predate Fox even though he popularised the terminology. Evidence that observers used comparable frames of reference to categorise perceptions of the employment relationship goes back to the 1830s, and may be found in certain ‘condition-of-England’ novels that were set amid the social turbulence of the time. This article is based on close examination of one such novel, North and South, by Elizabeth Gaskell. It informs our historical understanding of Fox’s concept of ‘frames of reference’ through exploration of the relationship between three characters who broadly represent employer (unitary), union (radical) and middle-class (pluralist) perspectives. Their discussions about industrial conflict raise dilemmas similar to those analysed in contemporary industrial relations literature: how to forge closer relationships between employers and workers through processes designed to nurture high-trust dynamics while remaining aware of the underlying power imbalances between the two sides resulting from social inequalities of class and wealth.

Levels of first winter feeding in relation to performance of Cheviot hill ewes

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Total Treatment ◽  
North And South ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Winter Feeding

1. Over 3 years, different levels of first winter nutrition created the following live-weight differences between groups of North and South Country Cheviot ewe hoggs at 12 months of age. High plane (H.P.) and mid-plane (M.P.) fed groups born 1956 were 34–35% and 11–13% heavier, respectively, than low plane (L.P.) fed groups, H.P. and M.P. fed groups born 1957 were 47–57% and 18–24% heavier, respectively, than hill-wintered groups. Away wintered groups born 1958 were 9–12% heavier than hill-wintered groups. All group differences were highly significant.2. From 12 months onwards all groups were run together on the same hill and received similar management. Live weight and live measurement response of the total treatment groups and of the heavy and light hoggs within the groups prior to treatment were studied over the summer after treatment from 12 to 18 months.

scholarly journals The Concept of Victorianism in A. S. Byatt’s “Posession”

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Victorian Novel ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
English Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Postmodern Novel ◽  
Current Research Interest

The late 1990s – early 2000s was a time of numerous projects dedicated to the Victorian age and the Victorian novel as a specific phenomenon that inspires the modern novel development. The English postmodern novel with its typical narrative, time transferal to Victorian England, weaving of time layers, invokes current research interest. The relevance of this study is caused by considerable interest of researchers in the Victorian era heritage and by need of a comprehensive study of Victorian linguoculture and its implementation in the modern English novel. The Victorian text influences a new genre of the novel that reflects the gravity of modern English prose to the traditional literature of Victorian era, assumed to be particularly important in this context. The analysis of A. S. Byatt’s “Possession” in the Russian literary criticism was made only by O. A. Tolstykh; in the Ukrainian science, this work was investigated by O. Boynitska in the context of searching the past, so this subject is not investigated enough, and in our opinion is new and relevant, especially from the perspective of the “Victorian era” concept embodied in the novel. The aim of the paper is to analyze the “Victorian era” concept peculiarities in the intercultural context, on the basis of A. S. Byatt’s “Possession” as a Victorian novel. The paper takes into account the reproduction of concepts of Marriage, Home, Family, Freedom, Life, as components of “Victorian era.” The Victorian family is often represented through the place of their dwelling; therefore, the great Victorians’ works are overwhelmed by interior descriptions (Dombey’s house, Miss Havisham’s home, Mr. Rochester’s Castle). However, in “Possession,” there is an obvious contrast of Victorian buildings to the same structures in the XX century: the past prime – the modern decline. All the secrets and delusions hidden behind the facades of supposedly respectable buildings result in distorting facts and, to some extent, to violating the rights of ownership to the memories of the past. This gives another meaning to the title of the novel – “possession,” that is ownership, possession of letters, memory, truth.

scholarly journals Ensuring Guarantees of the Rights of the Individual and the Inalienability of his Legal Status in the System of Legal Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Alexander Vladimirovich Konovalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Core ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

The article is devoted to the analysis of the general principle of law — ensuring guarantees of individual rights and the inalienability of his legal status. According to the author, they are provided by the synergistic action of private and public law regulation. The article convincingly shows that private and public law is a single system of values with different levels of generalization of terms and different methodology. At the same time, it is the private legal mechanisms that are the basis, the core of the rule of law.

Defaming and Defining ‘Bloody Mary’ in Nineteenth-Century England

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Richards
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
John Foxe ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
Papal Authority ◽  
Mary Tudor

Although the reputation of Englands first queen regnant, Mary Tudor (died 1558) had remained substantially unchanged in the intervening centuries, there were always some defenders of that Catholic queen among the historians of Victorian England. It is worth noting, however, that such revisionism made little if any impact on the schoolroom history textbooks, where Marys reputation remained much as John Foxe had defined it. Such anxiety as there was about attempts to restore something of Marys reputation were made more problematic by the increasing number and increasingly visible presence of a comprehensive Catholic hierarchy in the nineteenth century, and by high-profile converts to the Catholic faith and papal authority. The pre-eminent historians of the later Victorian era consistently remained more favourable to the reign of Elizabeth, seen as the destroyer,of an effective Catholic church in England.

Elizabeth Gaskell

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-145
Author(s):  
Andrew Mangham
Keyword(s):  
Elizabeth Gaskell ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Subjective Interpretation ◽  
Demographic Theory ◽  
North And South

This chapter focuses on Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848), North and South (1854–5), and Sylvia’s Lovers (1863). These works confirm Kingsley’s suspicion that a material view of starvation—and poverty more generally—offers a reasonable and reasoning interpretation of the Condition-of-England question. Starvation, or ‘clemming’, as it was known among the industrial working classes, refuses to be integrated, in Gaskell’s fictional world, into a catch-all economic or demographic theory. Instead, it is a phenomenon that paradoxically demands confrontation while evading perception through the anatomies of the workers and their surroundings. In line with the interlinking findings of biological scientists and Unitarian thinkers, Gaskell broaches the intricate questions of reform by recasting them as flesh-and-blood issues experienced through the eyes of her heroines; her novels thus ask for the sort of careful consideration advocated by science, whereby the strengths and weaknesses of subjective interpretation are tested and interpreted through the material.

scholarly journals So you've heard of the Gaskell medal: but who was Gaskell?

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-188
Author(s):  
Digby Tantam
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Charlotte Bronte ◽  
Elizabeth Gaskell ◽  
Social Club ◽  
North And South

The benefaction for the award of an annual medal and prize to a member of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association was made by Mrs Elizabeth Holland, in memory of her brother, Samuel. She was herself a remarkable woman, who married a banker, had ten children, translated poetry from the German, began a social club for unemployed men, founded a cottage hospital, and was well-known for her wit, conversation and unflappability. However, she came from a remarkable family. Her older brother, William, was a noted Unitarian minister, philanthropist, and writer. Her sister-in-law, William's wife, was Mrs Elizabeth Gaskell, author of North and South, Wives and Daughters, and a celebrated, and for a season notorious, Life of Charlotte Brontë, as well as several other novels and short stories. Two of Elizabeth and William's children, Meta and Julia, were so well-loved in Manchester that flags flew at half-mast on their deaths.

‘Little Snarling Lapdogs’

2019 ◽  
pp. 456-472
Author(s):  
Melinda Alliker Rabb
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Apparent Shift ◽  
Literary Histories ◽  
At Home

The domestic sphere increases as a subject for satire in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Literary histories assert satire’s decline after 1750 when creative energy shifts towards home, family, nature, individual subjectivity, and private feelings. But the apparent shift towards representations of domesticity does not simply displace but rather offers new opportunities to satire which insinuates itself into modes of writing almost as soon as they are formed and changes the shape they ultimately assume. In contrast to earlier satires on public figures, from royalty and ministers to prostitutes and Grub Street hacks, domestic satire often focuses on families and households, and on the precarious lives of dependants, servants, spinsters, illegitimate offspring, and other persons of socially ambiguous standing. Satire in an age of rising colonialism, economic competition, class struggle, and industrialization, must look beyond court and coffee-house into the parlour where satire has made itself at home.

Fighting electoral corruption in the Victorian era: An overlooked dimension of John Stuart Mill’s political thought

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Selinger
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Political Action ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Liberal Politics ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Electoral Corruption

For nearly half a century John Stuart Mill was a major critic of the forms of electoral corruption prevalent in Victorian England. Yet this political commitment has been largely overlooked by scholars. This article offers the first synoptic account of Mill’s writings against corruption. It argues that Mill’s opposition to corruption was not accidental or temperamental, but sprung from fundamental principles of his political thought. It also shows that Mill’s opposition to electoral corruption put him at odds with other leading liberal thinkers of his era, who thought that the existing ways in which wealth influenced elections had positive effects – or at the very least that they did not impede a healthy electoral contest from taking place. Mill’s fervent intent to eliminate corruption also distinguishes him from many liberal theorists today, who either do not write about electoral corruption, or consider it an issue to be managed and lived-with. Reflecting on Mill’s political thought alongside other liberal thinkers raises the question of whether liberal states can draw a definitive line between prevalent forms of corruption and legitimate modes of political action, and eliminate the former, or whether we must regard corruption as among the constitutive dilemmas of a liberal politics.

Women's personal and political identities in selected Middle East countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S692-S692
Author(s):  
S.F. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Social Research ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Political Identities ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The University ◽  
University Consortium

IntroductionWomen's personal and political identities are significant in defining their roles and eventual contribution to society in contemporary society both in the private and public spheres.ObjectivesThis research study focuses on the effect of Islam on women's personal and political identities.AimsThis research aims to highlight the existing ideology relating to women's treatment in regards their identities and public roles, and hence to contribute to women's emancipation.MethodsThis study utilizes quantitative and qualitative methods in analysing women in eight Muslim-majority countries, namely, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Yemen, Cyprus and Kuwait, in the Middle East. For the quantitative data, statistical dataset was culled from Inter-university consortium for political and social research of the university of Michigan.ResultsThe overall results show that historical constructions of gender spheres are still palpable in the Islamic landscape. Woman's question is identified as a complex personal and social problem, and cannot be rejected as a valid search for gender sameness or equality. This study also shows the interpolation of Islam with other factors such as patriarchy, modernization, and state formations. Some Muslim scholars argue that Quran's fundamental mooring is geared towards equality between men and women, and women's enhanced status, and it is patriarchy that has confined women to the domestic sphere.ConclusionGender is embedded within culture, and structures of power in families, communities, and states, which have gender in itself, as an organizing principle.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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