Why African Americans Are a Potential Target for COVID-19 Infection in the United States (USA). (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Hamidian Jahromi ◽  
Anahid Hamidianjahromi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
The Impact

UNSTRUCTURED While WHO has officially announced that COVID-19 outbreak reaching a pandemic level, things have significantly changed inside USA, as this infection spread has reached its exponential phase. A stringent analysis of the COVID-19 epidemiologic data requires much more time and would generally be expected to happen after the exponential phase of the disease is over and when the focus of the health-care system is diverted away from crisis-management. Although much is said about high-risk groups and the vulnerability of elderly and patients with underlying comorbidities, the impact of race and its implications on susceptibility of ethnic minorities in indigent societies towards COVID-19 has not been discussed. There are currently some data on disparities between African American and Caucasians for COVID-19 infection and mortality. While the health-care authorities are reorganizing their resources and the infrastructure to provide care for the COVID-19 symptomatic patients, they should not shy away from protecting the general public as a whole and specifically the most vulnerable members of society, such as the elderly, ethnic minorities, and people with underlying comorbidities as well as African Americans.

scholarly journals Why African Americans Are a Potential Target for COVID-19 Infection in the United States

10.2196/19934 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. e19934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Hamidian Jahromi ◽  
Anahid Hamidianjahromi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Since the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic, significant changes have occurred in the United States as the infection spread reached and passed its exponential phase. A stringent analysis of COVID-19 epidemiologic data requires time and would generally be expected to happen with significant delay after the exponential phase of the disease is over and when the focus of the health care system is diverted away from crisis management. Although much has been said about high-risk groups and the vulnerability of the elderly and patients with underlying comorbidities, the impact of race on the susceptibility of ethnic minorities living in indigent communities has not been discussed in detail worldwide and specifically in the United States. There are currently some data on disparities between African American and Caucasian populations for COVID-19 infection and mortality. While health care authorities are reorganizing resources and infrastructure to provide care for symptomatic COVID-19 patients, they should not shy away from protecting the general public as a whole and specifically the most vulnerable members of society, such as the elderly, ethnic minorities, and people with underlying comorbidities.

scholarly journals The Magnitude of the Impact of HIV on the Human Beings in the World’s Richest Country, America: The Misery of African Americans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muse Abdi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
The Impact

Disproportionate rates of HIV infection among African Americans is an increasing concern in the United States. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of HIV prevention programs on African Americans and social determinants fueling HIV-related risk behaviors. Using literature, this study analyzed the incidences of HIV infection among African Americans in the United States and the effectiveness of the prevention programs. African Americans struggle with mass incarceration, drugs, stigma, criminalization, and lack of economic opportunities, which contribute to the HIV-related risk behaviors. The existing traditional prevention programs in place are not working for African Americans. Tailored and culturally relevant programs should be designed and implemented. Further studies are needed to establish the causal relationships and develop preventive measures.

Immigration and Contract Problems Experienced by Foreign-Educated Nurses

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Pittman ◽  
Carolina Herrera ◽  
Joanne Spetz ◽  
Catherine R. Davis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
International Recruitment ◽  
The Impact

More than 8% of employed RNs licensed since 2004 in the United States were educated overseas, yet little is known about the conditions of their recruitment or the impact of that experience on health care practice. This study assessed whether the labor rights of foreign-educated nurses were at risk during the latest period of high international recruitment: 2003 to 2007. Using consensus-based standards contained in the Voluntary Code of Ethical Conduct for the Recruitment of Foreign-Educated Health Professionals to the United States, this study found 50% of actively recruited foreign-educated nurses experienced a negative recruitment practice. The study also found that nurses educated in low-income countries and nurses with high contract breach fees, were significantly more likely to report such problems. If, as experts believe may occur, the nursing shortage in the United States returns around 2014, oversight of international recruitment will become critically important to delivering high-quality health care to Americans.

The Impact of Broadband Access on Social and Economic Integration: Results from the RefugeeMobile Pilot

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N Evans ◽  
Brendan Perry ◽  
Rachel Factor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Office Visits ◽  
Group Members ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Internet is a ubiquitous feature of everyday life and an important research question is whether improving broadband access for at-risk groups such as refugees enhances social and economic outcomes. The article reports the results of the RefugeeMobile pilot where a sample of refugees to the United States were randomly assigned a smartphone (n = 82) with eight months of free service and pre-loaded apps designed to help them adjust to life in the United States, or not (n = 74). At a one-year follow-up, results indicate that assignment to treatment generates statistically significant increases in smartphone ownership and Internet access, and some measures of social integration. Results for employment and earnings were positive but statistically insignificant. Treatment-group members had fewer interactions with their case worker, a smaller fraction of in-office visits and hence a larger fraction of interactions by phone than control-group members, suggesting the pilot may have increased programme efficiency.

The future of Indian Health Services for native Americans in the United States: an analysis of policy options and recommendations

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-414
Author(s):  
Tiffany Henley ◽  
Maureen Boshier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Policy Window ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe passage of the Affordable Care Act in the United States has opened a policy window for the establishment of an independent Medicaid agency for the Navajo Nation. This article explores several policy options to improve health care services for Native Americans. Although there is a lack of scholarly research on the impact of healthcare reform and the effectiveness of current health care programs for American Indians, policymakers should utilize evidence-based research to inform policy decisions.

scholarly journals The Systemic Exclusion of Native Americans from Cancer Clinical Trials.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Angel De Soto ◽  
Gabriel Selassie ◽  
Gilberta Yazzie
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Native American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Health Care Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Clinical Trials ◽  
Unnecessary Death

Introduction: A major source of health care disparities derives from the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in clinical trials. The inclusion of ethnic minorities is necessary to generalize the results in terms of efficacy and toxicology of medications in cancer treatment. Methodology: In this retrospective study, 80 cancer clinical trials with an aggregate of 278,470 participants performed within the last ten years were selected at random. The number of ethnic minorities participating and inclusion of them in the results were evaluated. Results: Only, 42.5% of cancer clinical trials reported the ethnic background of participants in their trials while even less 5% reported the efficacy or toxicology of the therapeutic intervention for ethnic minorities. Whites, Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans make up 60.1%, 18.5%, 13.4% and 1.5% of the population they made up 85.3%, 2.54%, 7.6% and 0.12% of the participants that reported ethnicity, respectively. Out of 278,470 participants in cancer clinicals trials only 133 (0.048%) could be identified as Native American . Conclusion: Native Americans were nearly completely excluded from cancer clinical trials. African Americans and Hispanics were greatly underrepresented. Cancer Clinical trials may not be generalizable and have been inherently racist in the United States. This has led to the unnecessary death and suffering of Native Americans from cancer.

scholarly journals The Persistence of Oral Health Disparities for African American Children: A Scoping Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Como ◽  
Leah Stein Duker ◽  
José Polido ◽  
Sharon Cermak
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
African American ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oral Health Care ◽  
African American Children ◽  
American Children ◽  
The Impact

Oral health is an important yet often neglected component of overall health, linked to heart disease, stroke, and diabetic complications. Disparities exist for many groups, including racial and ethnic minorities such as African Americans. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential factors that perpetuate oral health care disparities in African American children in the United States. A systematic search of three literature databases produced 795 articles; 23 articles were included in the final review. Articles were analyzed using a template coding approach based on the social ecological model. The review identified structural, sociocultural, and familial factors that impact the ability of African Americans to utilize oral care services, highlighting the importance of the parent/caregiver role and the patient–provider relationship; policy-level processes that impact access to quality care; the value of autonomy in treatment and prevention options; and the impact of sociocultural factors on food choices (e.g., food deserts, gestures of affection). In conclusion, oral health care remains an underutilized service by African American children, despite increasing access to oral care secondary to improvements in insurance coverage and community-based programs.

Prejudice and the Medical Profession: A Five-Year Update

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Care System

Over the past decades the mortality rate in the United States has decreased and life expectancy has increased. Yet a number of recent studies have drawn Americans attention to the fact that racial and ethnic disparities persist in health care. It is clear that the U.S. health care system is not only flawed for many reasons including basic injustices, but may be the cause of both injury and death for members of racial and ethnic minorities.In 2002, an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report requested by Congress listed more than 100 studies documenting a wide range of disparities in the United States health care system. This report found that people belonging to racial and ethnic minorities often receive lower quality of health care than do people of European descent, even when their medical insurance coverage and income levels are the same as that of the latter.

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