Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Patients (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased prevalence of oral diseases. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the development of these diseases. The saliva contains a balanced proportion of protective antioxidants and reactive oxygen species, disrupting this balance favours disease development. However, level of salivary markers of oxidative stress has not been sufficiently studied in the diabetics. OBJECTIVE Thus, this study aimed to measure salivary H2O2, NO and MDA in diabetic patients in comparison to non-diabetic controls. METHODS A total of 166 adults comprising of 95 Type 2 diabetic patients and 71 healthy non-diabetic controls were recruited for this study. About 3 ml of unstimulated saliva samples were collected from participants after rinsing their mouth with clean water. Levels of H2O2, NO and MDA were measured in all saliva samples using spectrophotometry. Data was analysed using t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with statistical significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS Salivary H2O2 (p=0.024) and NO (p=0.002) were significantly higher in the diabetic patients when compared to the healthy non-diabetic control group. Binary logistic regression showed that patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus are more likely to have elevated salivary H2O2 (OR= 1.013; p=0.025) and NO (OR=1.016; p=0.003) levels. ROC analysis showed statistically significant performance of salivary NO levels in distinguishing between T2DM patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of salivary H2O2 and NO could be a pointer to the high prevalence of oral diseases in diabetes mellitus. This calls for increased attention to oral health in diabetes management.

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Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine ◽

10.51152/jbarbiomed.v7i2.217 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Olatunde Olayanju ◽

Victory Edem ◽

Chika Okwor ◽

Gabriel Odok ◽

Nnaemeka Awah

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Markers Of Oxidative Stress ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased prevalence of oral diseases for which reactive oxygen species have been implicated. The saliva contains protective antioxidants which statutorily curtail these destructive oxygen molecules. A functional compromise of the antioxidants may precipitate oxidative stress leading to the increased oral disease susceptibility. However, salivary markers of oxidative stress have not been sufficiently studied in the diabetics. Methods: A total of 166 adults were recruited for this study. They comprised of 95 Type 2 diabetic patients and 71 healthy non-diabetic controls. About 3 ml of unstimulated saliva samples were collected from participants and processed, levels of salivary H2O2, NO and MDA were measured using spectrophotometry method and compared between the two groups. Data was analysed using t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Salivary H2O2 (p=0.024) and NO (p=0.002) were significantly higher in the diabetic patients when compared to the healthy non-diabetic control group. Binary logistic regression showed that patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus are more likely to have elevated salivary H2O2 (OR= 1.013; p=0.025) and NO (OR=1.016; p=0.003) levels. ROC analysis showed statistically significant performance of salivary NO levels in distinguishing between T2DM patients and healthy controls. Conclusions: Higher levels of oxidative stress markers including salivary H2O2 and NO in the diabetic groups could be a pointer to the characteristic high prevalence of oral diseases in diabetes mellitus, given that oxidative stress predisposes to disease vulnerability. This calls for increased attention to oral health in diabetes management to minimise co-morbidity.

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Diabetes Mellitus Directs NKT Cells Toward Type 2 and Regulatory Phenotype / Diabetes Melitus Usmerava Diferencijaciju NKT Celija U Pravcu Tip 2 I Regulatornog Fenotipa

Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research ◽

10.1515/sjecr-2016-0005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

Nevena Gajovic ◽

Ivan Jovanovic ◽

Aleksandar Ilic ◽

Nevena Jeremic ◽

Vladimir Jakovljevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Nkt Cells ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Chronic Disorder ◽

Functional Phenotype

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia induces mitochondrial dysfunction, enhances oxidative stress and thus promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Earlier studies suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Previous studies have revealed that hyperglycaemia changes the functional phenotype of monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells and CD8+ T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether diabetes affects the functional phenotype of NKT cells. Diabetes mellitus was induced in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a single dose of 170 mg/kg body weight. The number and functional phenotype of splenic NKT cells was assessed by fl ow cytometry, 28 days after diabetes induction. The diabetic condition facilitated the production of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (p<0.05) and superoxide dismutase. Hyperglycaemia enhanced oxidative stress and thus decreased the number of splenic NKT cells but did not change the percentage of splenic CD3+CD49+ NKT cells that express the activatory receptor NKP46 or produce IFN-γ. However, hyperglycaemia increased the frequency of splenic NKT cells that express KLRG-1 and produce TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-5, and it decreased the frequency of IL-17+ NKT cells. Our study indicates that diabetes mellitus induces oxidative stress and switches the functional phenotype of NKT cells towards type 2 (IL-4 and IL-5 producing NKTs) and regulatory (TGF-β Thproducing NKTs) phenotypes. These findings are correlated with the clinical observation in humans that diabetic patients are more prone to infections and tumours.

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Modulation of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation mediated by cyclic AMP-elevating agents or Interleukin 10 in granulocytes from type 2 diabetic patients (NIDDM): a PKA-independent phenomenon

Diabetes & Metabolism ◽

10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70068-x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 533-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

JA Nogueira-Machado ◽

FC Lima E Silva ◽

LO Medina ◽

DC Costa ◽

MM Chaves

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Cyclic Amp ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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L-Cysteine Influx in Type 2 Diabetic Erythrocytes

Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya ◽

10.18097/pbmc20105605545 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 545-551

Author(s):

S.I. Rizvi ◽

N. Srivastava

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Erythrocyte oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, and the deficiency of antioxidant defense by the glutathione (GSH) pathway is thought to be one of the factors responsible for development of complications in diabetes. Erythrocytes require L-cysteine for the synthesis of GSH and the rate of synthesis is determined only by L-cysteine availability. In the present study we have found that the L-cysteine influx in erythrocytes from type 2 diabetic patients was significantly lower compared to age-matched controls. The decreased influx may be one of the factors leading to low GSH concentration observed in type 2 diabetes. Since L-cysteine is the limiting amino acid in GSH synthesis, any strategy aimed to increase L-cysteine influx in erythrocytes may be beneficial for type 2 diabetic patients.

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Total antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20191540 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 673

Author(s):

Heena Singla ◽

Gitanjali Goyal ◽

Cheenu Garg ◽

Kajal Bhalla

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Total Antioxidant Status ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Diabetes mellitus has emerged as one of the most common health hazard all over the world. Diabetic nephropathy is the most challenging long term complication of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria is the earliest marker of diabetic nephropathy. In diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia and deranged lipid profile lead to excess generation of free radicals. The increased oxidative stress plays a major role in pathogenesis of diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy. There are many naturally occurring antioxidant enzymes in our body. Diabetes has multiple effects on protein levels and activity of these antioxidant enzymes. This further augments the oxidative stress. There are many non-enzymatic antioxidants in our body which include vitamins A, C, E and trace minerals like copper, zinc, manganese and selenium.Methods: The study was done on a total of 150 subjects. Group A comprised of 60 Type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy, Group B comprised of 60 Type 2 diabetic patients without diabetic nephropathy and Group C comprised 30 healthy controls. Total antioxidant status, microalbuminuria and glycosylated haemoglobin were measured.Results: In present study, authors found that total antioxidant status is drastically reduced in all diabetic patients, and it was found to be further low in patients with diabetic nephropathy. This decrease was found to be directly proportional to the degree of diabetic nephropathy, as measured by the levels of microalbuminuria.Conclusions: Timely institution of antioxidant supplementation therapy may emerge as a promising measure in delaying the onset and progression of diabetic complications, especially diabetic nephropathy.

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Clinical evaluation of oxidative stress in patients with diabetes mellitus type II: Impact of acute exercise

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp0906459k ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 459-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nada Kostic ◽

Zorica Caparevic ◽

Djordje Marina ◽

Sanja Ilic ◽

Jana Radojkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background/Aim. Exercise is a well recognized model of oxidative stress and, also, an important tool in diabetes management. The aim of our study was to evaluate oxidative stress in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and to determine influence of acute exercise training on the investigated parameters. Methods. To evaluate oxidative stress in the patients, we determinated following parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), oxidized LDL cholesterol (Ox LDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) which were measured at rest and immediately after the acute bout of cardiopulmonary exercise cycle-ergometer test. Results. In basal condition, diabetic patients compared to controls have significant higher values of TG (3.12 ? 1.09 vs 1.74 ? 0.9 mmol/L, p < 0.01), Ox LDL (84.73 ? 16.90 vs 79.00 ? 29.26 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and SOD enzyme activity (913.38 ? 120.36 vs 877.14 ? 153.18 U/g Hb, p < 0.05). During the acute exercise test, there was significant increase of Ox LDL in both the study patients (from 84.73 ? 16.90 to 92.33 ? 23.29 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and in the control group (from 79.00 ? 29.26 to 89.30 ? 29.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05). SOD activity was significantly increased in both groups during exercise, in diabetic patients from 913.38 ? 120.36 to 921.50 ? 130.03 U/gHb, p < 0.05, and in the controls from 877.14 ? 153.18 to 895.00 ? 193.49, U/gHb, p < 0.05. GSH-Px activity was significantly increased only in the diabetic patients after the acute exercise (from 45.04 ? 11.19 to 51.81 ? 15.07 U/gHb, p < 0.01), but not in the controls (from 44.63 ? 13.73 to 43.97 ? 25.97 U/gHb, p = ns). PAI significantly decreased during the exercise test, only in the healthy subjects (from 2.60 ? 0.35 to 2.22 ? 0.65, p < 0.05). Type 2 diabetic patients with complications had only significant increase in GSH-Px activity (from 47.10 ? 7.37 to 54.52 ? 11.97 U/gHb, p < 0.01). Conclusion. Elevated Ox LDL, SOD and GSH-Px levels are associated with acute exercise in type 2 diabetic patients. We suggest that it could be a compensatory mechanism to preventing free radicals tissue damage. We hypothesize that a physical training program induces an enhance of muscular and liver antioxidant enzymes activity and reduces oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between exercise and antioxidant system in diabetic patients with and without complications.

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