COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions, Intentions, and Uptake in a Prospective College-based Cohort Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gurley ◽  
Brady Bennett ◽  
Patrick Sullivan ◽  
Maryellen Kiley ◽  
Jamie Linde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
To Receive

BACKGROUND Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among US young adults, particularly those that belong to racial and ethnic minorities, remains low compared to their older peers. Understanding vaccine perceptions and their influence on vaccination uptake among this population remains crucial to achieving population herd immunity. OBJECTIVE We sought to also study the perceptions and uptake of the vaccines against COVID-19 among one population of college students, faculty, and staff. METHODS As part of a larger study aimed at investigating the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission, serology, and perception on a college campus, participants were asked about their views on the COVID-19 vaccine in February 2021. Vaccination status was assessed by self-report in April 2021. Logistic regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios with marginal standardization. RESULTS We found that non-White participants were 25% less likely to report COVID-19 vaccination compared to White participants. Among those who were unvaccinated, Black and other non-White participants were significantly more likely to indicate they were unwilling to receive the COVID-19 vaccine compared to White participants. The most common reason for unwillingness to receive the vaccine was belief that the vaccine approval process was rushed. CONCLUSIONS There are racial differences in perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine among young adults, and these differences might differentially impact vaccine uptake among young racial and ethnic minorities. Efforts to increase vaccine uptake among college populations might require campaigns specifically tailored to these minority groups.

scholarly journals S103. ASSESSING MOOD SYMPTOMS IN PSYCHOSIS: EXAMINING DIFFERENCES IN MOOD SYMPTOM PRESENTATION AMONGST RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES WITH PSYCHOSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S73-S74
Author(s):  
Khalima Bolden ◽  
Sarah Lombardi ◽  
Susie Xiong ◽  
Tara Niendam
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Cultural Humility ◽  
Differential Rate ◽  
Symptom Presentation ◽  
Mood Symptom ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Mood Symptoms ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that African Americans are more likely than Caucasians to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Once diagnosed, African Americans are slower to seek treatment, more likely to underutilize mental health services, tend to display lower rates of medication adherence, and respond more slowly to psychosocial interventions. This disparity in diagnoses is due to multiple factors. One notable issue is the under-diagnosis of mood symptoms in African Americans with psychosis. Specifically, studies have shown that African Americans are more likely than Caucasians to receive a non-affective psychosis diagnosis, even though the rates of current mood episodes between the Caucasians and African Americans are similar. This is seen more with regards to depressive symptoms than those of mania. These disparities in diagnosis may contribute to decreased treatment efficacy, erosion of trust in treatment providers, and increased attrition in African Americans. Therefore, this issue is one deserving of further understanding. In the current study we sought to explore differences in mood diagnoses in a sample of help-seeking individuals with comorbid psychosis spectrum and mood symptoms. Methods A sample of 537 individuals were selected from an outpatient clinic serving lower income individuals with Medicaid. Investigators reviewed records from previous providers and compared them with gold-standard semi-structured assessments. A researcher who received training in cultural humility and differences in mood symptom presentation across racial and ethnic minorities was blinded to demographics and reviewed each client’s records and determined if individuals presented with significant mood symptoms that would criteria for a major mood diagnosis (MDE, Bipolar Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder). Of the 537 records reviewed 167 individuals endorsed mood symptoms during the structured assessment and to at least 1 outside provider. The sample of clients was then analyzed to determine whether mood symptoms were under-diagnosed (i.e. symptoms appear to warrant a mood diagnosis that was not given by the previous provider). Results The sample of 167 individuals with mood symptoms was sufficiently diverse; 25% were Caucasian, 45% were African American, 20% Other, 1% Asian or Pacific Islander. We performed a Chi Square Test of Independence to ascertain whether or not Race had an impact on the likelihood that participants would have under diagnosed mood symptoms. The relationship between variables was statistically significant, χ2 (1) = 3.964, p < .05. Of the 53 individuals who were under diagnosed 61% were African American compared to 13% that were Caucasian. Discussion The results of this study indicate a differential rate of diagnosing mood symptoms in African Americans with psychosis compared to Caucasians. These discrepancies may indicate a need for understanding cultural differences in symptoms presentation (e.g. apathy vs. sadness, greater somaticization in minorities, etc.). This study indicates a need for further investigation to better understand factors impacting differences in diagnosis of mood symptoms in African Americans.

scholarly journals Targeting COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Minority Populations in the US: Implications for Herd Immunity

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
James E. K. Hildreth ◽  
Donald J. Alcendor
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
The Us

There has been a continuous underrepresentation of minorities in healthcare research and vaccine trials, along with long-standing systemic racism and discrimination that have been fueling the distrust of the healthcare system among these communities for decades. The history and legacy of racial injustices and negative experiences within a culturally insensitive healthcare system have greatly contributed to vaccine hesitancy among ethnic minorities. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy will impact vaccine uptake in the US, subsequently hindering the establishment of herd immunity (75–85% of the population vaccinated) to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Information targeting underserved racial/ethnic minorities in the US in a culturally competent manner has been lacking. This information is crucial for educating these communities about COVID-19 vaccines and their distribution as well as dispelling misinformation regarding vaccine trials, safety, and efficacy. This lack of education has greatly contributed to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and will increase disparities in vaccine uptake. Moreover, timely vaccinations are also essential to curtailing virus transmission and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that may evade the immune response produced by the three existing COVID-19 vaccines.

scholarly journals Beliefs associated with Intentions of Non-Physician Healthcare Workers to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Desveaux ◽  
Rachel Savage ◽  
Mina Tadrous ◽  
Natasha Kithulegoda ◽  
Kelly Thai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Theoretical Domains Framework ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Safety Concerns ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups ◽  
To Receive

Achieving herd immunity of SARS-CoV-2 through vaccines will require a concerted effort to understand and address barriers to vaccine uptake. We conducted a web-based survey of non-physician HCWs, informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, measuring intention to vaccinate, beliefs and sources of influence relating to the COVID-19 vaccines, and sociodemographic characteristics. Vaccination non-intent was associated with beliefs that vaccination was not required because of good health, lower confidence that the COVID-19 vaccine would protect their family and patients, and that getting vaccinated was a professional responsibility. Vaccination non-intent was strongly associated with mistrust about how fast the vaccines were developed and vaccine safety concerns. Communication directed at non-physician HCWs should be tailored by ethnic subgroups and settings to increase salience. Messaging should leverage emotions (e.g., pride, hope, fear) to capture interest, while addressing safety concerns and confirming the low risk of side effects in contrast to the substantial morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Emergent data about reduced transmission post-vaccination will be helpful.

scholarly journals Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long H. Nguyen ◽  
Amit D. Joshi ◽  
David A. Drew ◽  
Jordi Merino ◽  
Wenjie Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The U.S

BackgroundRacial and ethnic minorities have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. In the initial phase of population-based vaccination in the United States (U.S.) and United Kingdom (U.K.), vaccine hesitancy and limited access may result in disparities in uptake.MethodsWe performed a cohort study among U.S. and U.K. participants in the smartphone-based COVID Symptom Study (March 24, 2020-February 16, 2021). We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (unsure/not willing) and receipt.ResultsIn the U.S. (n=87,388), compared to White non-Hispanic participants, the multivariable ORs of vaccine hesitancy were 3.15 (95% CI: 2.86 to 3.47) for Black participants, 1.42 (1.28 to 1.58) for Hispanic participants, 1.34 (1.18 to 1.52) for Asian participants, and 2.02 (1.70 to 2.39) for participants reporting more than one race/other. In the U.K. (n=1,254,294), racial and ethnic minorities had similarly elevated hesitancy: compared to White participants, their corresponding ORs were 2.84 (95% CI: 2.69 to 2.99) for Black participants, 1.66 (1.57 to 1.76) for South Asian participants, 1.84 (1.70 to 1.98) for Middle East/East Asian participants, and 1.48 (1.39 to 1.57) for participants reporting more than one race/other. Among U.S. participants, the OR of vaccine receipt was 0.71 (0.64 to 0.79) for Black participants, a disparity that persisted among individuals who specifically endorsed a willingness to obtain a vaccine. In contrast, disparities in uptake were not observed in the U.K.ConclusionsCOVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was greater among racial and ethnic minorities, and Black participants living in the U.S. were less likely to receive a vaccine than White participants. Lower uptake among Black participants in the U.S. during the initial vaccine rollout is attributable to both hesitancy and disparities in access.

scholarly journals Psychological predictors of vaccination intentions among U.S. undergraduates and online panel workers during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260380
Author(s):  
Suryaa Gupta ◽  
Shoko Watanabe ◽  
Sean M. Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
Flu Vaccine ◽  
To Receive

Objective Availability of safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 is critical for controlling the pandemic, but herd immunity can only be achieved with high vaccination coverage. The present research examined psychological factors associated with intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccination and whether reluctance towards novel pandemic vaccines are similar to vaccine hesitancy captured by a hypothetical measure used in previous research. Method Study 1 was administered to undergraduate students when COVID-19 was spreading exponentially (February-April 2020). Study 2 was conducted with online panel workers toward the end of the first U.S. wave (July 2020) as a pre-registered replication and extension of Study 1. In both studies, participants (total N = 1,022) rated their willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccination and to vaccinate a hypothetical child for a fictitious disease, and then responded to various psychological measures. Results In both studies, vaccination intentions were positively associated with past flu vaccine uptake, self-reported vaccine knowledge, vaccine confidence, and sense of collective responsibility. Complacency (not perceiving disease as high-risk), anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs, perceived vaccine danger, and mistrust in science/scientists were negative correlates of vaccination intentions. Constraints (psychological barriers), calculation (extensive information-searching), analytical thinking, perceived disease vulnerability, self-other overlap, and conservatism were weakly associated with vaccination intentions but not consistently across both studies or vaccine types. Additionally, similar factors were associated with both real and hypothetical vaccination intentions, suggesting that conclusions from pre-COVID vaccine hesitancy research mostly generalize to the current pandemic situation. Conclusion Encouraging flu vaccine uptake, enhancing confidence in a novel vaccine, and fostering a sense of collective responsibility are particularly important as they uniquely predict COVID-19 vaccination intentions. By including both actual pandemic-related hesitancy measures and hypothetical hesitancy measures from past research in the same study, this work provides key context for the generalizability of earlier non-pandemic research.

scholarly journals Inequities in Access to High-Quality Home Health Agencies Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities With and Without Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 330-330
Author(s):  
Bei Wu ◽  
Abraham Brody ◽  
Chenjuan Ma
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Home Health ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Home Health Agencies ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
To Receive

Abstract There are rising concerns of inequities in access to high-quality home health agencies (HHA). Using multiple national data sources that included 574,682 individuals from 8,634 HHA, we examined access to high-quality HHA care among racial and ethnic minorities with and without dementia. Approximately 9.9% of the individuals were Black, 6.2% Hispanic, and 3.3% other race/ethnicity. Over one-third (36.3%) had been diagnosed with dementia. Black and Hispanic individuals were 5.5 percentage points (95% CI, 5.2% - 5.9%) and 7.4 percentage points (95% CI, 7.0% - 7.8%) respectively more likely to receive care from agencies defined as having low-quality compared to White counterparts. Persons living with dementia were 1.3% less likely to receive care from high-quality agencies. Having dementia increased the inequity in accessing high-quality HHA between Black and White individuals. Racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those with dementia were at a disadvantaged position to receive care from high-quality HHA.

scholarly journals BLACK AND WHITE YOUNG ADULTS’ SUPPORT TO MIDLIFE PARENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S284-S284
Author(s):  
Kristie A Wood ◽  
Meng Huo ◽  
Yee To Ng ◽  
Karen Fingerman
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Black Adults ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Interdependent Values ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Researchers have observed racial differences in support to midlife parents. Black adults typically provide more support to parents and report greater rewards in doing so. We were interested in whether this differential trend can be observed in young adulthood. Furthermore, we aimed to understand cultural beliefs underlying any racial differences in support provided to parents. We examined support Black and White young adults provided to their parents, and beliefs associated with that support. Young adults (aged 18–35 years; 26%, n=184 Black and 74%, n=525 White) from the Family Exchanges Study II (2013) participated. They reported how often they provided 4 types of support (financial, technical, practical, emotional) to each parent (N =824) on a scale from 1 = once a year or less often to 8 = everyday. Multilevel models revealed Black young adults provided more frequent support to parents than White young adults, mediated by beliefs about familial obligation. Interestingly, we also found that Black young adults report significantly more negative relationship quality with parents and a stronger desire for support from parents when compared to White young adults. Findings suggest that Black young adults may espouse collective and interdependent values such as the ability to provide for a family and to receive support from family. Further, more frequent support may co-occur with conflicts that suggest that congruence between values and support do not necessarily inspire harmonious ties.

scholarly journals Early evidence of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness within the general population of California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Andrejko ◽  
Jake M Pry ◽  
Jennifer F Myers ◽  
Nicholas P Jewell ◽  
John Openshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
California Department ◽  
To Receive

Importance: Evidence is needed to determine COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness under real world conditions of use. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of authorized vaccines against COVID-19 in the context of substantial circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, and identify vaccine uptake barriers. Design: We recruited cases (testing positive) and controls (testing negative) based on SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnostic test results from 24 February-7 April 2021. Controls were individually matched to cases by age, sex, and geographic region. We identified cases and controls via random sampling within predetermined demographic strata. We conducted enrollment and administered study questionnaires via telephone-based facilitated interviews. Setting: Population-based surveillance of all SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnostic testing reported to the California Department of Public Health. During the study period, 69% of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 isolates in California belonged to variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.427, or B.1.429. Participants: We enrolled 645 adults aged ≥18y, including 325 cases and 320 controls Exposures: We assessed participants' self-reported history of COVID-19 vaccine receipt (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273). Individuals were considered fully vaccinated two weeks after second dose receipt. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary endpoint was a positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test result. For unvaccinated participants, we assessed willingness to receive vaccination, when eligible. We measured vaccine effectiveness via the matched odds ratio of prior vaccination, comparing cases with controls. Results: Among 325 cases, 23 (7%) and 13 (4%) received BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, respectively; 8 (2%) were fully vaccinated with either product. Among 260 controls, 49 (19%) and 49 (19%) received BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, respectively; 42 (16%) were fully vaccinated with either product. Among fully vaccinated individuals, vaccine effectiveness was 86% (95% confidence interval: 67-94%). Vaccine effectiveness was 66% (-69% to 93%) and 78% (23% to 94%) one week following a first and second dose, respectively. Among unvaccinated participants, 39% of those residing in rural regions and 23% of those residing in urban regions reported hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccines, when eligible. In contrast, vaccine hesitancy did not significantly differ by age, sex, household income, or race/ethnicity. Conclusions and Relevance: Ongoing vaccination efforts are preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population in California. Vaccine hesitancy presents a barrier to reaching coverage levels needed for herd immunity.

scholarly journals Multicultural Glasgow

2017 ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Emily Torricelli
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ken Loach ◽  
The Way ◽  
White Minority

In films, even contemporary ones posing alternatives to the mythic representations of Scotland, Scottish identity is often constructed as homogeneous and white. Though a small number of films have been made addressing Scotland’s white minority groups, it is not until the 2000s that filmmakers such as Ken Loach and Pratibha Parmar began to explore non-white Scottish identities. This article explores the ways the former’s Ae Fond Kiss… (2004) and the latter’s Nina’s Heavenly Delights (2006) construct hybrid, plural Scottish identities by first considering the way the two films construct these identities, and then by considering the how the identities constructed were received by film critics. Ae Fond Kiss… suggests that racial and ethnic minorities understand “Scottishness” in varied ways that are often influenced by gender, whereas, for Nina’s Heavenly Delights, race, gender, and sexuality are some of the many identities that are united in the Scottish nation. In support of the plural and hybrid Scotlands these two films construct, film critics, despite the complications of genre, strongly label both as Scottish films, which suggests they understand Scotland as a diverse or hybrid place or culture.

scholarly journals C-40 Effects of Treatment Expectancy on Self-Report and Neuropsychological Outcomes in Neurofeedback for Young Adults Seeking Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069-1069
Author(s):  
G Lee ◽  
J Suhr
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Symptom Report ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive Expectancy ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Objective Though there is evidence that expectancy can impact outcomes of heath treatments, the role of expectancy in neurofeedback (NFB) for ADHD remains unclear. A pilot study found large expectancy effects on self-reported symptoms in NFB, but mixed evidence for sustained attention performance. We further investigate the effects of treatment expectancy on self-reported ADHD symptoms and neuropsychological performance in NFB. Method Young adults seeking treatment for ADHD expected to receive active NFB, but instead were randomly assigned to receive sham treatment with false feedback indicating above average (positive expectancy; n = 26), below average (negative expectancy; n = 23), or average (neutral expectancy; n = 24) attentive states. Primary outcomes were report of ADHD symptoms, and performance on a sustained attention test and working memory test. Results Mixed ANOVAs revealed a significant interaction for ADHD symptom report (p < .001). Groups did not differ in pre-NFB symptom report (p = .56). Symptom report by the positive expectancy group decreased over time (p < .001) but increased among negative (p = .02) and neutral (p = .02) groups. Post-NFB symptom report was higher for negative expectancy relative to positive (p < .001) and neutral (p = .002) groups. There was no significant difference between positive and neutral groups (p = .37).There were no significant interactions for sustained attention and working memory. Conclusion Results indicate that treatment expectancies impact self-report of ADHD symptoms and should therefore be considered in clinical trials of NFB that measure outcomes via symptom report. Future studies examining expectancy effects on measures of other neuropsychological domains are necessary.

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