The Brain and Early Experience Study: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Roger Mills-Koonce ◽  
Michael T. Willoughby ◽  
Sarah Short ◽  
Cathi B. Propper
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Recruitment Strategy ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Postnatal Risk Factors ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND Children raised in conditions of poverty (or near-poverty) are at risk for nonoptimal mental health, educational, and occupational outcomes, many of which may be precipitated by individual differences in EF skills that first emerge in early childhood. OBJECTIVE The Brain and Early Experience (BEE) study considers prenatal and postnatal experiences that may mediate the association between poverty and EF skills, including their neural substrates. This manuscript describes (1) the study rationale and aims; (2) research design issues, including sample size determination, the recruitment strategy, and participant characteristics; and (3) a summary of developmental assessment points, procedures, and measures used to test the study hypotheses. METHODS This is a prospective longitudinal study examining multiple pathways by which poverty influences normative variations in executive function (EF) skills in early childhood. It is funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development with Institutional Review Board approval. Recruitment is completed with a sample of N = 203 and data collection is expected to continue from September of 2018 to February 2024. RESULTS Analysis plans and validation data supporting the recruitment strategy is provided. Conclusions: BEE Study data and analyses will help elucidate the complex interplay between prenatal and postnatal risk factors that may undermine critical neurocognitive developmental outcomes in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS Findings will help elucidate the complex interplay between prenatal and postnatal risk factors affecting critical neurocognitive developmental outcomes in early childhood.

scholarly journals Risk factors analysis for early childhood caries

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
O. M. Davidian ◽  
A. V. Fomina ◽  
E. A. Lukianova ◽  
E. M. Shimkevich ◽  
Ju. A. Bakaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Postnatal Risk Factors ◽  
Childhood Caries

Aim. To study the dominant antenatal and postnatal risk factors for development early childhood caries (12 – 47 months).Materials and methods. In order to study the dental morbidity of the child population aged 1 to 3 years, permanently living in Moscow, an epidemiological examination of 510 children was carried out. To determine the dental status of the subjects, clinical research methods were carried out. To assess antenatal and postnatal risk factors for the development of caries in children aged 1 to 3 years, a questionnaire survey was conducted between parents or legal representatives. The survey participants answered 5 questions that are important for understanding the causes of early tooth decay.Conclusions. With growing up, the prevalence of caries increases. The prevalence of Early Childhood Caries among the boys and the girls aged 12-23 months and 24-35 months depends on the sex of the child. A statistically significant difference in the intensity of caries in different age groups was revealed; the older the age group, the higher the intensity of caries. The risk of caries in children in the group with the pathological course of the mother's pregnancy is higher than in the group with the normal course of pregnancy. A statistically significant relationship was found between the prevalence of caries in children and the age at which toothbrushing began.

scholarly journals New Views on the Young Brain: Offerings from Developmental Psychology to Early Childhood Education

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Catherwood
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Infant Memory ◽  
The Brain

This article presents a broad review of recent developments in perspectives and research on early cognition. An overview of methodologies used to explore infant memory and categorisation is provided, with a discussion of the manner in which studies using these procedures have served to overturn Piagetian viewpoints on infant cognitive competence. In addition, research into the way in which the brain grows and responds to early experience is described, with a consideration of how neural networks are established and shaped by early learning. The general conclusion is that there is now available a range of radically new approaches to understanding the growth of the human brain and mind that is potentially of immense value to early childhood educators.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the factors associated with the course of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Skabeikyte ◽  
Rasa Barkauskiene
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Background Research on personality pathology in adolescence has accelerated during the last decade. Among all of the personality disorders, there is strong support for the validity of borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis in adolescence with comparable stability as seen in adulthood. Researchers have put much effort in the analysis of the developmental pathways and etiology of the disorder and currently are relocating their attention to the identification of the possible risk factors associated with the course of BPD symptoms during adolescence. The risk profile provided in previous systematic reviews did not address the possible development and course of BPD features across time. Having this in mind, the purpose of this systematic review is to identify the factors that are associated with the course of BPD symptoms during adolescence. Methods Electronic databases were systematically searched for prospective longitudinal studies with at least two assessments of BPD as an outcome of the examined risk factors. A total number of 14 articles from the period of almost 40 years were identified as fitting the eligibility criteria. Conclusions Factors associated with the course of BPD symptoms include childhood temperament, comorbid psychopathology, and current interpersonal experiences. The current review adds up to the knowledge base about factors that are associated with the persistence or worsening of BPD symptoms in adolescence, describing the factors congruent to different developmental periods.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Interpersonal Violence in Prison: Evidence From Longitudinal Administrative Prison Data in Northern Ireland

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110063
Author(s):  
Michelle Butler ◽  
Catherine B. McNamee ◽  
Dominic Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Prison Misconduct ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Services And Supports ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

The present study uses a prospective longitudinal research design to examine whether previously identified risk factors for prison interpersonal violence can predict violent prison misconduct in Northern Ireland (NI). Administrative data drawn from the records of 429 adult males imprisoned on November 22, 2017 were used to predict involvement in violent prison misconduct during a 1-year follow-up period. The results revealed that only a small number of previously identified risk factors were found to be significant in the NI context. Nationality, neighborhood deprivation, history of addiction, submission of prison complaints, past involvement in prison misconduct, and number of incarcerations emerged as significant, while religion, head injury/epilepsy, property offences, and prison visits were significant at the marginal level. Given the variation in risk factors identified as significant in the NI context compared to previous research, it is argued that cultural context matters when attempting to generalize the risk factors for prison interpersonal violence from one jurisdiction to another. These results offer some support for the importation theory, although it should be noted that the inclusion of prison environmental factors was limited due to the nature of the data. It is argued that specialist services and supports should be provided to address the factors contributing to interpersonal prison violence, including interventions to improve feelings of fairness, identify and treat underlying medical issues, as well as support visitation.

scholarly journals Urogynecology in obstetrics: impact of pregnancy and delivery on pelvic floor disorders, a prospective longitudinal observational pilot study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russalina Stroeder ◽  
Julia Radosa ◽  
Lea Clemens ◽  
Christoph Gerlinger ◽  
Gilda Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Pelvic Floor Disorders ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Vacuum Extraction ◽  
Translabial Ultrasound ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Tertiary Center ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Purpose To assess changes in the pelvic floor anatomy that cause pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) in primigravidae during and after pregnancy and to evaluate their impact on women’s quality of life (QoL). Methods POP-Q and translabial ultrasound examination was performed in the third trimester and 3 months after delivery in a cohort of primigravidae with singleton pregnancy delivering in a tertiary center. Results were analyzed regarding mode of delivery and other pre- and peripartal factors. Two individualized detailed questionnaires were distributed at 3 months and at 12 months after childbirth to determinate QoL. Results We recruited 45 women, of whom 17 delivered vaginally (VD), 11 received a vacuum extraction delivery (VE) and 17 a Cesarean section in labor (CS). When comparing third-trimester sonography to 3 months after delivery, bladder neck mobility increased significantly in each delivery group and hiatal area increased significantly in the VD group. A LAM avulsion was found in two women after VE. Connective tissue weakness (p = 0.0483) and fetal weight at birth (p = 0.0384) were identified as significant risk factors for the occurrence of PFDs in a multivariant regression analysis. Urinary incontinence was most common with 15% and 11% of cases at 3, respectively, 12 months after delivery. 42% of women reported discomfort during sexual intercourse, 3 months after delivery and 24% 12 months postpartum. Although 93% of women engage a midwife after delivery, only 56% participated in pelvic floor muscle training. Conclusion Connective tissue weakness and high fetal weight at birth are important risk factors for the occurrence of PFDs. Nevertheless, more parturients should participate in postpartal care services to prevent future PFDs.

scholarly journals Sugary Liquids in the Baby Bottle: Risk for Child Undernutrition and Severe Tooth Decay in Rural El Salvador

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Priyanka Achalu ◽  
Abhishek Bhatia ◽  
Bathsheba Turton ◽  
Lucy Luna ◽  
Karen Sokal-Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Baby Bottle ◽  
Childhood Caries

As communities worldwide shift from consuming traditional diets to more processed snacks and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), increases in child obesity and tooth decay and persistence of undernutrition are particularly apparent in Latin American countries. Further evidence of shared risk factors between child undernutrition and poor oral health outcomes is needed to structure more effective health interventions for children’s nutrition. This study aims to identify dietary, oral health, and sociodemographic risk factors for child undernutrition and severe early childhood caries (sECC) among a convenience sample of 797 caregiver–child pairs from rural Salvadoran communities. Caregiver interviews on child dietary and oral health practices were conducted, and their children’s height, weight, and dental exam data were collected. Multivariable regression analyses were performed using RStudio (version 1.0.143). Caregiver use of SSBs in the baby bottle was identified as a common significant risk factor for child undernutrition (p = 0.011) and sECC (p = 0.047). Early childhood caries (p = 0.023) was also a risk factor for developing undernutrition. Future maternal–child health and nutrition programs should coordinate with oral health interventions to discourage feeding children SSBs in the baby bottle and to advocate for policies limiting SSB marketing to young children and their families.

scholarly journals Changes in the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Are Associated with Improvements in Diabetes Risk Factors after Exercise Training in Adolescents with Obesity: The HEARTY Randomized Controlled Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Walsh ◽  
Amedeo D’Angiulli ◽  
Jameason D. Cameron ◽  
Ronald J. Sigal ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Diabetes Risk Factors ◽  
The Brain

Obesity in youth increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and both are risk factors for neurocognitive deficits. Exercise attenuates the risk of obesity and T2D while improving cognitive function. In adults, these benefits are associated with the actions of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein critical in modulating neuroplasticity, glucose regulation, fat oxidation, and appetite regulation in adults. However, little research exists in youth. This study examined the associations between changes in diabetes risk factors and changes in BDNF levels after 6 months of exercise training in adolescents with obesity. The sample consisted of 202 postpubertal adolescents with obesity (70% females) aged 14–18 years who were randomized to 6 months of aerobic and/or resistance training or nonexercise control. All participants received a healthy eating plan designed to induce a 250/kcal deficit per day. Resting serum BDNF levels and diabetes risk factors, such as fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-B—beta cell insulin secretory capacity) and (HOMA-IS—insulin sensitivity), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), were measured after an overnight fast at baseline and 6 months. There were no significant intergroup differences on changes in BDNF or diabetes risk factors. In the exercise group, increases in BDNF were associated with reductions in fasting glucose (β = −6.57, SE = 3.37, p=0.05) and increases in HOMA-B (β = 0.093, SE = 0.03, p=0.004) after controlling for confounders. No associations were found between changes in diabetes risk factors and BDNF in controls. In conclusion, exercise-induced reductions in some diabetes risk factors were associated with increases in BDNF in adolescents with obesity, suggesting that exercise training may be an effective strategy to promote metabolic health and increases in BDNF, a protein favoring neuroplasticity. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00195858, September 12, 2005 (funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research).

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