The Impact of Midwifery-Promoting Public Policies on Medical Interventions and Health Outcomes

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia R Miller
Keyword(s):  
Public Policies ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Unobserved Preferences ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper measures the impact of midwifery-promoting public policies on maternity care in the United States, using national Vital Statistics data on births spanning 1989-1999. State laws mandating insurance coverage of midwifery services are associated with an 18-percentage rise in midwife-attended births. The laws did not decrease rates of cesarean deliveries or lead to consistent effects on maternal mortality or Apgar scores. They did, however, lead to a statistically significant drop in neonatal deaths. Divergence between OLS and natural experiment estimates suggests that women are selecting into provider groups based on unobserved preferences and health.

PRIORITIZING SIDEWALK UPGRADE PROJECTS TO MAXIMIZE COMPLIANCE WITH ACCESSIBILITY REQUIREMENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Halabya ◽  
Khaled El-Rayes
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Transition Plans ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
Transition Plan ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact

People with disabilities form 18.7% of the United States population, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2012. To avoid discrimination against this significant portion of the population, state and local governments are required by federal and state laws to provide and maintain accessibility for people with disabilities on their sidewalks and pedestrian facilities. To achieve compliance with these laws, state and local governments need to conduct self-evaluations to identify inaccessible pedestrian facilities and develop transition plans to schedule upgrade projects for these inaccessible pedestrian facilities. The federally-mandated transition plan requirements include the development of a schedule that displays, in detail, deadlines for all upgrade projects needed to achieve full compliance with accessibility requirements. To prepare this schedule, public entities are required to rank and prioritize pedestrian facilities upgrade projects. This paper presents the development of a novel methodology to quantify the impact of upgrading inaccessible pedestrian facilities on people with disabilities. The developed methodology considers several factors related to pedestrian facilities’ conditions and location to estimate the number of expected pedestrians with disabilities impacted by upgrading each inaccessible pedestrian facility. This methodology is designed to assist decision makers in state and local governments in the process of ranking and prioritizing inaccessible pedestrian facilities upgrade projects.

A Cautionary Tale About the Use of Administrative Data: Evidence from Age of Marriage Laws

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M Blank ◽  
Kerwin Kofi Charles ◽  
James M Sallee
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Cautionary Tale ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Marriage Laws ◽  
Age Of Marriage

This paper demonstrates that administrative data may be inferior to survey data under particular circumstances. We examine the effect of state laws governing the minimum age of marriage in the United States. The estimated effects of these laws are much smaller when based on retrospective reports from census versus administrative records from Vital Statistics data. This discrepancy appears due to systematic avoidance behavior of two kinds. Some young people marry in states with less restrictive laws; others appear to have misrepresented their age on their marriage certificate. Our results have important implications regarding legal avoidance and the use of administrative data. (JEL J12 K36)

scholarly journals Poverty In The United States: A Continuing And Growing Problem

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berch Haroian ◽  
Elizabeth C. Ekmekjian ◽  
Elias C. Grivoyannis
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Impact

<p class="Default" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In recent years, the ability to deal with the problem of poverty in the US, in light of the new &ldquo;Federalism,&rdquo; is an area of interest to scholars. The poverty rate over the past 50 years has fluctuated from a high of 22.4% in 1959 to a low of 11.1% in 1973. Under George Bush&rsquo;s presidency, we again see an increase in the poverty rate to 12.7% in 2004. This paper provides an overview of poverty data for the 21<sup>st</sup> century, by region, race and age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>A discussion and comparison of median household income follows. Facts and figures are then provided/compared, tying in health care issues to income levels and citizenship/ethnicity. A brief introduction of the various attempts over the past years by the federal government to reduce the proportion of the American population that falls below the poverty line follows.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This section merely provides a listing of programs designed to satisfy social and equity considerations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This paper does not provide the reader with the impact of these programs on the economy; a brief mention is provided to generate further thought and discussion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The paper concludes with a summary of key elements of the above issues. The sole purpose is to provide an overview of historical data as concerns poverty, median household income and health insurance coverage. The ability to deal with the problem of poverty in the U S, is left for another paper.</span></span></p>

scholarly journals How Ballot Access Laws Affect the U.S. Party System

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 321-350
Author(s):  
Richard Winger
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Political Science Association ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Party Development ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
American Political Science ◽  
The Impact

Political scientists have long been aware of the relationship between American political parties and the law. That relationship began prior to the turn of the century when states introduced the government-printed Australian ballot, an innovation which required states to determine the standards for parties to gain access to that ballot. Those early laws set the stage for the later Progressive-inspired laws imposing on officially recognized parties a variety of regulations, most notably the requirement that the parties nominate their candidates through the process of primary elections. In recent years political scientists have supplemented this traditional focus on the historical impact of state laws on party development with a new focus: the impact on parties of decisions rendered by the judiciary, especially by the United States Supreme Court. It is this later development which inspired the Political Organizations and Parties Section of the American Political Science Association to sponsor a workshop on "Parties and the Law" at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Association. Three of the papers presented at that workshop are included in this issue of The American Review of Politics.

scholarly journals The impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on insurance coverage and cancer‐directed treatment in HIV‐infected patients with cancer in the United States

Cancer ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey L. Corrigan ◽  
Leticia Nogueira ◽  
K. Robin Yabroff ◽  
Chun Chieh Lin ◽  
Xuesong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Patient Protection ◽  
The Impact

Effects of Medicaid Expansion on Poverty Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilu Lin ◽  
Alisha Monnette ◽  
Lizheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Federal Poverty Level ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poverty Levels

Abstract Background: More than 30 States have either expanded Medicaid or considering expansion. The coverage gains from this policy is well documented, however, the impacts of its increasing coverage on poverty disparity are unclear at national level.Method: American Community Survey (2012-2018) was used to examine the effects of Medicaid expansion (ME) on poverty disparity in insurance coverage for nonelderly adults in the United States. Differences-in-differences-in-differences design was used to analyze the trends in uninsured rates (UR) by different poverty levels: <138%, 138–400% and >400% federal poverty level (FPL).Results: Compared with UR in 2012, UR in 2018 decreased by 10.75%, 6.42%, and 1.11% for <138%, 138-400%, and >400% FPL. From 2012-2018, >400% FPL group continuously had the lowest UR and <138% FPL group had the highest UR. Compared with ≥ 138% FPL groups, there was a 2.54% reduction in uninsured risk after ME among <138% FPL group in ME states versus control states. After eliminating the impact of the ACA market exchange premium subsidy, 3.18% decrease was estimated. Conclusion: Poverty disparity in UR improved with ME. However, <138% FPL population are still at a higher risk for being uninsured.

Introduction to Research with Human Participants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Investigational Drugs ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Research with human participants is conducted for a variety of reasons, including developing drugs, medical devices, or other medical interventions; understanding human cognition and behavior; and evaluating the impact of public policy interventions. It can provide enormous social benefits, but it also raises significant ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas stem from a tension that is inherent in the nature of the activity: the goal is to generate knowledge for the potential benefit of persons in the future, but achieving this goal often requires exposing individuals in the present to the possibility of harm. This tension is particularly pronounced in clinical trials involving investigational drugs, devices, or other medical interventions, where the risks of participation may be particularly significant. The chapter presents a brief sketch of the legal framework surrounding research with human participants in two important centers of research: the United States and the European Union.

scholarly journals Political Parties and the Law

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 317-320
Author(s):  
Howard A. Scarrow
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Political Science Association ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Party Development ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
American Political Science ◽  
The Impact

Political scientists have long been aware of the relationship between American political parties and the law. That relationship began prior to the turn of the century when states introduced the government-printed Australian ballot, an innovation which required states to determine the standards for parties to gain access to that ballot. Those early laws set the stage for the later Progressive-inspired laws imposing on officially recognized parties a variety of regulations, most notably the requirement that the parties nominate their candidates through the process of primary elections. In recent years political scientists have supplemented this traditional focus on the historical impact of state laws on party development with a new focus: the impact on parties of decisions rendered by the judiciary, especially by the United States Supreme Court. It is this later development which inspired the Political Organizations and Parties Section of the American Political Science Association to sponsor a workshop on "Parties and the Law" at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Association. Three of the papers presented at that workshop are included in this issue of The American Review of Politics.

scholarly journals Impact of hepatitis B on mortality and specific causes of death in adults with and without HIV co-infection in NYC, 2000–2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (16) ◽  
pp. 3354-3364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. PINCHOFF ◽  
O. C. TRAN ◽  
L. CHEN ◽  
K. BORNSCHLEGEL ◽  
A. DROBNIK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
York City ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYHigh rates of immigration from endemic countries contribute to the high chronic hepatitis B (HBV) prevalence in New York City (NYC) compared to the United States overall, i.e. about 1 million individuals. We describe the impact of HBV infection on mortality and specific causes of death in NYC. We matched surveillance and vital statistics mortality data collected from 2000 to 2011 by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) and analysed demographics and premature deaths (i.e. whether death occurred at <65 years) in persons with and without chronic HBV or HIV infection (excluding those with hepatitis C). From 2000 to 2011, a total of 588 346 adults died in NYC. Of all decedents, 568 753 (97%) had no report of HIV or HBV, and 4346 (0·7%) had an HBV report. Of HBV-infected decedents, 1074 (25%) were HIV co-infected. Fifty-five percent of HBV mono-infected and 95% of HBV/HIV co-infected decedents died prematurely. HBV disproportionately impacts two subgroups: Chinese immigrants and HIV-infected individuals. These two subgroups are geographically clustered in different neighbourhoods of NYC. Tailoring prevention and treatment messages to each group is necessary to reduce the overall burden of HBV in NYC.

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